An Analysis of Marilyn Monroes Life - Free Essay Example

This is a research and psychoanalysis paper on Marilyn Monroe and the life that she lived. The first part explores many aspects of her life, starting with her childhood and ending in the passing of Marilyn. The start goes into her heritage and later discusses how that, and the rest of her life, affected her psychologically. The second aspect of this paper is the analysis of her psychologically, diving into the multiple psychological theories and perspectives and how her entire life is taken into context by these perspectives. Her personal views are all considered with these perspectives and how they made her the person she was. Lastly, this paper ends with personal thoughts and a reflection of how I felt individually toward the information given and researched. An Analysis of Marilyn Monroes Life Marilyn Monroe. When those words were uttered in the 1940s through 60s, most all would associate a feeling of sensuality and womanhood. Marilyn had a life that was unlike a regular persons and she was remembered for several aspects of this life she lived. A woman of independence, grace, and sexual appeal, Monroe had a background that not many investigated during her lifetime, yet that had an impact on who she was, how she felt internally and how her life came to an end. Her life story, starting with her childhood, had an impact on many people and she will be remembered throughout history for her looks, career and various relationships in which she was involved, which all roots back to her psychological state and mental state of mind. A mystery in a nutshell, Marilyn Monroe is a woman to be studied and analyzed closely because of her disturbing childhood, life of fame, and tragic death, all making analyzers wonder, what was truly going on in her mind?   Description of Marilyn Monroes Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marilyn Monroe did not start her life with the idolized name that we now call her; she was formally known as Norma Jean Mortenson. An innocent, young girl, starting out a life with a desperate need of love, Norma Jean was raised in orphanage and foster homes because her mother was admitted into a mental institution and her dad deserted her family when she was young. When looking in to the past of this little girl who became a woman too young, it is easy to see how her mother had an impact on her life. Norma Jean, or Marilyn Monroe, had a mother named Gladys Pearl, who was born in May of 1902. Gladys had her own struggles growing up, which rooted within her own upraising. Gladys mother, Della, was married to a man named Otis Elmer Monroe, Gladys father. Otis ended up dying mysteriously after a terrible sickness, which led to her mother having men in the house, left and right. (Spoto 5) So, as Marilyns mother was on the edge of young adulthood, she was rece iving mixed signals about marriage, family and parenthood from her own mother and was observing her mothers actions closely, which were implying that men were   [a necessity] to a womans life. (Spoto 6) As life continued, Gladys branched off onto her own path, as her mother was not a fully dependable woman for her. She met new people and new men, and eventually had a child of her own, Norma Jean. Sadly, Norma Jean did not have good figures or leaders to look up to as she grew up, as her father abandoned her at a young age and her mother, Gladys, ended up being admitted to a mental hospital, due to her own mental disease and troubles. She later passed away, leaving Norma Jean alone. Catherina Henry makes a very accurate point on her childhood, stating that [Norma Jeans] genetic heritage did nothing to encourage her to envision a future as a responsible adult. (Henry 849) After her mothers passing, Norma Jean was put into the orphanage and fostering system, where she developed her i nitial sense of loneliness in life and she was defined as emotional neglect as a child. She became the victim of sexual abuse at the age of 8, and continued her life through the neglect and abuse that she had already faced at such a young age. (Haas 607) Norma Jean then married at 16 to avoid staying in the foster system and dependence on old family friends, to a man four years older. Marriage spared Marilyn from further sexual abuse from older men and alleviated the obligation of family friends to care for her. (Haas 607) Soon after though, her husband went away to war and she found a job at the Radio Plane munitions plant, where she spent most of her time. At this job, she was discovered by a photographer who asked to photograph her for a shoot that encouraged women working while men were away at war. After this, the photographer helped her land a modeling contract, and she then dyed her then-brown locks to bleach blonde, divorced her husband, and started to pursue her personal interests of acting. Norma Jean was twenty at the time, and she quickly found good acting jobs, which led to her being the newest lead of talent at Twentieth Century Fox. This booming movie production company renamed Norma Jean as Marilyn, and she took Monroe as her new last name, which she based off of her grandmothers last name. Throughout her acting career, Marilyn Monroe was affected by her past, letting her own insecurities impact her life greatly. She did not quite know what to do with her fame and how to get the things that she wanted. Monroe [involved] herself repeatedly with men in general and also to score movie auditions. (Haas 607) So, this in itself did not lead to a long acting career for Marilyn and led to even more insecurities being created and dug up from her childhood. Marilyn Monroe was known as a sex symbol throughout her life, as she radiated beauty and elegance. When she married again to baseball player Joe DiMaggio, he was possessive of her and most could not handle how sexualized she was in Hollywood, and in the eyes of other men. Not too long after, Marilyn married a well-known playwright named Arthur Miller, and soon after this she created her own company, named Marilyn Monroe Productions. Marrying Miller was something that Marilyn did for a variety of her own personal reasons, but one that was observed was so that she could be taken more seriously in the acting industry. This marriage ended up failing though, as Monroes enormous psychological and emotional needs and her increased reliance on prescription drugs and alcohol to ease the pain of miscarriages, insomnia, and crippling stage fright weighed heavy on herself and other around her. (Haas 608) Because of her dwindling and declining mental state, Marilyn Monroes acting career came to a n end. Slowly, because of her own personal pain and psychological issues, including but not limited to, depression, anxiety, and being affected by abuse, Marilyn began to lose her spark and motivation in life. In August of 1962, Marilyn Monroe was found in her bed, her life lost to the effects of a barbiturate overdose. Integration of Marilyn Monroes Life with Psychological Theory The number of negative events in Marilyn Monroes life were vast and are truly sad to read. There are many different perspectives that can be used to analyze her life and that most definitely have to do with her psychological development and destruction. Looking into Marilyns biology, it is seen that her inheritance had a big impact on her throughout her entire life. Her mothers psychological state is one of the biggest impacts on her genetically and biologically, as she inherited some of the same characteristics of strong anxiety and depression. Marilyns mother, Gladys, had parents that were not secure and dependable, as one passed away and the other was more concerned with herself than her daughter. Gladys was most definitely psychologically affected by the upraising and it is easy to believe that this affected Marilyn biologically, as Gladys is the one who birthed her. Looking biologically, also, it can be observed that Marilyns feelings were not always stable, and, in this day and time, they are detectors of biological and psychological issues in someone. But Marilyn was not only affected biologically, as there were many unconscious behaviors that had to do with her psychological state. Sigmund Freud studied the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspectives, which have to do with these unconscious thoughts and behaviors, and his studies reflect and relate to Marilyn Monroe. Mannie Sher talks about how there are several components to the unconscious mind and why it either inhibit or prohibits us from doing certain things or having certain behaviors. For example, Sher talks about anxiety and how that is something that can be an unconscious issue for people, and that with this acting against somebody in their unconscious mind, they might have issues [managing] themselves in their systematic roles. (Sher 1260) Marilyn started her life as a neglected, abused girl, and when she became older and started to get the attention that she did as a sex symbol, she took it and ran with it. To a certain extent, Monroe defined her own identity by what other people thought of her, and the anxiety of her losing that attention and fame was very real. The psychoanalytic state of mind was activated for Marilyn Monroe by this craving to maintain attention and fame, which shows that she was under pressure   from [herself and] from outside perspectives and opinions. (Sher 1260) Marilyns behaviors are also something that can be deeply analyzed, in many aspects, as she acted certain ways because of her environment. Being a sex symbol, she had to have had her guard up to a certain extent, most likely not feeling safe at all times. Men were constantly staring at her, sexualizing her and considering her an object. This is not the best place to be in and would lead many women including Marilyn assumedly, to feel internally insecure and as if her outside if the only thing that matters. But, on the outside, Marilyn most always looked calm, cool and collected as she liked the attention she got, even when there were many people that made her feel uncomfortable, because of the way that she was viewed. Also, as a child her feeling of abandonment and loneliness most definitely could have led to her wanting to have attention, even if it was sexually. So, her collected behavior could have been a reflection of her persisting urge to be valued and wanted. Looking at Marilyn in a humanistic perspective, it is recognizable that she lacked in feelings of fulfillment and seemed to usually end up in a negative place internally rather than positive. Since humanistic perspective focuses on well-being based on self-image and some other factors, Marilyn Monroe is easily seen to be lacking in a stable perception of herself and life. Marilyn constantly wanted to maintain a perfect demeanor and flawless looks, which is not a healthy way to go about life, since as humans we are not flawless, and we do make mistakes. She was definitely motivated in some parts of her life; to reach her goals in acting, modeling and gaining the attention of others, but the dependence on others and getting their attention being the ultimate goal behind all of her others, is what was unhealthy for her mental state. In a humanistic perspective, it is not a healthy way to go about life because if feeling fulfilled and whole comes from dependence on others and their attention, your psychological state will end up deteriorating. As for Marilyns cognitive state of mind, perception and problem solving are things to be analyzed in her life. Marilyn perception of things were once again, deep down, solely based on attention from other people, and wanting to be fulfilled by them. But this was not good for her mental health, as humans are not always dependable and will repeatedly let you down. So, her depending so much on others and their opinions of her was believed to have led to her depression and later overdose. Marilyns perception of life was also affected by this depen dence on others and finding her identity in other peoples opinions of her. Her depression and mental decline are things that most definitely could have started with her dependence on others, which became such a significant element to her life originally because of her neglect as a child. Overall, Marilyn Monroe was psychologically affected in her life by many circumstances, starting with her childhood, which than led to a constant yearning for love and affection throughout her life, ending her life journey at a tragically young age. Personal Thoughts and Reflection Researching Marilyn Monroe has been one of the most interesting yet heartbreaking things to do. I was personally affected by this because it breaks my heart to think of somebody wanting and yearning for love so strongly that they want to take their own life, because the pain is too extensive. Seeing how Marilyn was affected psychologically throughout her life was very interesting to read about, as it really did root back to her childhood and even to her mothers childhood too. Marilyn did not necessarily meet my preconceived notions, because based on the information I have collected lightly over the years, I just thought of her as that woman who was a sex symbol to a lot of people and really popular for her beauty. (Spoken in my own casual, initial thoughts) I honestly did not even originally know how popular she had been for her acting, and I did not know that she started her own production company. What was challenged or brought up for me in my head throughout this analysis, was TRU LY how hard it was for her to simply be viewed as a pretty girl. I would never want to be viewed purely for looks. Especially when trying to find someone to spend your life with, she not only had to deal with her fame but men truly only wanting her for her physical appearance. And that must have been extremely discouraging for her, making her think several times that being physically beautiful is all that she was worth. That specifically is so sad because what is on the inside is what is MOST important, because looks only go so far in your own self esteem. I imagine feeling beautiful on the outside but the opposite on the inside as an awful feeling, and to think that Marilyn may have experienced that based on what others thought of her, is so sad to me. I find it hard to say, if I was Marilyn   because I was not. I did not experience the childhood, pain or being viewed as an object like she did. But what I would say to her, if I could, is that she needs to not depend on other peop le. I personally think that since it is a given for humans to mess up, you can never fully depend on them. Family is one of the few things that I depend on, but she did not even have that. So, if I could speak to Marilyn Monroe, I would say, all you need is God. Humans are going to hurt you, doubt you and think you arent enough, but you are always enough to God, and he loves you endlessly. That is my personal view on Marilyn Monroe and I am sad that her life had to end the way that it did, and that she experienced the pain that she did. I believe that she is in a better place now and I hope that I can be a light and a true friend to anyone and people that experience the kind of pain that she did, in their lives.

Background On The Banking Industry In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Over the years, banking sector of Pakistan showed massive growth and potential. The performance and strength indicator represents significant improvement in the success of banking system of Pakistan. The banking sector of Pakistan had faced pressures from 2008 onward after gigantic amount of growth. Such as the liquidity crisis and solvency hitch had significantly affected the performance of banking and economy. The financial institution possibly managed the situation well devoid of any trouble. The adequate amount of liquidity had vacant to fulfill the requirement. Since the banks were working in a very tight market conditions and enforced to pay attractiveness rates to the depositors to attract liquidity. The government required to extend own resources to generate the money. The huge amount of borrowed funds by the government lay troubled on the economy. The government major responsibility was to regularize borrowed funds from the banks but also place some sort of control on money generation. All of the factors had pooled to set a stage where the lending rates were far above the ground and having huge amount of burden on the banks financials. In recent years the huge amount of provision created by the bank and due to the amount of nonperforming loans increased at rapid speed. The heavy provisions against bed debts had put burned on the bank financials. The stability of overall economy was based upon the stability of the banking system. The effective and efficient growth of saving and investment decision contributes to a stable macroeconomic environment. The major role was played by the State Bank of Pakistan for the efficient and effective growth in the economy. The guideline provided by the State Bank of Pakistan to the financial institution to take part in the development by mobilizing the resources of the economy and facilitating the investors. The bank had the ability to predict and avoid risk to cover up the losses brought by arisen risk. Generally the important necessity of a competitive banking institution and the cheapest source of funds were profit making. For successful banking in a growing competition financial market the profit was the essential and requirement. The main specifics reason to focus on the current issue of banks profitability. The factors were influencing the banks efficiency and effectiveness to manage the portfolio. Assets intended to achieve profitability and identify the areas where possible room for raising the profitability available. The Banks assets were group into two categories, the non earning assets and the earning assets. Earning assets means the assets on which banks had earned the non earning assets and the interest income, means the assets which to be used for the point of reserve requirement, i.e. fixed assets used to run day to day operational activities. The assets were the main source of income for banks. Therefore regular returns generation ability of the assets had a significant influence on the banks profitability and performance. The study had focused on return on equity and the equity to asset ratio. The return on equity measures how much shareholders earned for investments in the company. Equity to asset ratio expresses the amount of the total assets financed by the owners equity capital, indicates the finance and profitability of the company and was the major source of income for banks. Therefore income generation ability of assets had a vital influence on the banks earnings, performance and p rofitability. The return on equity reveals that how greatly the profit corporations earned in association to the total amount of the shareholder equity originate on the balance sheet. The shareholders equity that equals to the total assets less the total liabilities. The shareholders equity was the formation of the accounting that represents the assets that were created by the retained earnings of the business and the paid in capital of the owners. Business with higher return on equity was expected to be the one that capable of generating cash internally. The return on equity figures takes into account that the retained earnings from the preceding year that tells the investor that how effectively capital being re invested. 1.2 Problem Statement The rapid fluctuation in share prices and interest rate had a significant impact on capital as well on banks earning. As the prices and interest rate deviate the capital move both ways or vice versa. Which ultimately affect the banks earning. 1.3 Hypotheses There was a significant and negative impact of capital to assets ratio on return on equity. 1.4 Outline of the Study The research structure based on five chapters as follows: Introduction about the Banking sector of Pakistan and role in economy. The literature review had provided theoretical background of the research and cites author had previously researched on the topic of impact of capital on banks earning. The research methods chapter included method of data collection, statistical technique and hypothesis development. The results chapter had included findings and interpretation of the results. The conclusion, discussions, implications and recommendation section provided the final logical analysis. 1.5 Definitions 1.5.1 Return on Equity The ratio indicates how beneficial a company by comparing net income to average shareholders equity. The  rate of return measures how much shareholders earned for the investment in a company. The higher the ratio percentage, the more efficient management was in utilizing equity base and the better return to investors. 1.5.2 Capital to Asset Ratio Capital to asset ratio was defined as ratio of equity to asset. Equity to asset ratio indicates the amount of the total assets financed by owners equity capital. The equity to asset ratio indicates the finance and profitability of the company. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The explanation of the research was to observe personally the capital-earnings association to try to conclude which between the possible explanations of the association appear to be important. Data from the Report, almost insured U.S. commercial bank used, yielding an unusually huge data set of over 80,000 bank-year report (Berger, 1995). The U.S. tax system imparts a benefit to debt finance throughout management of interest payments as a tax-deductible expenditure. Debt in that framework refers mostly to deposits. Even though the tax system also encourages use of subordinated debt over equity, banks were partial by regulation in the quantity of debt employ as capital and subordinated debt constituted only 0.57 percent of total bank debt in 1978. Deposit finance was further optimistic by the level fee structure charge for deposit insurance by the FDIC, which permits the bank to boost the value of the insurance and own value, by increasing leverage (Marcus, 1983). Study in banking literature and in more broad industrial organization literature find a positive statistical connection between profitability and way of market construction either concentration or market share. On earliest blush, that recommend with the purpose of the present wave of amalgamation activity in the banking industry was encouraged by the potential benefits from superior market power created by growing the attention or market shares of the reconciliation firms. The conventional structure conduct performance hypothesis (SCP) assert with the aim of that finding reflect the setting of prices less favourable to customers (lower deposit rates, higher loan rates) in further concentrated markets because of the product of feasible imperfections in the market. A related assumption be the relative-market- power hypothesis (RMP), state basically firms among huge market shares and well differentiated goods were able to implement market power in pricing products and receive supernorma l profits (Shepherd, 1972). Common liquidation costs more or less certainly enlarged significantly in the 1980s. The outlook of bank failure enhanced as the quantity of failure increase from ten or fewer per year as delayed as 1981. In adding together, opposition for bank products improved for the reason of the removal of a number of interstate banking limitations, liberalized bank charters, as well as globalization of banking markets. Supporting conclusion institute a turn down within bank charter values through 1986 with determined through the reason of decline an important reason of the increase in bank failure (Keeley, 1990). Prior experimental studies were furthermore focused more on book values rather than market values of debt and equity, even though market values offer improved estimates of the security afforded by investment. The preparation exists somewhat reasonable by means of the interest rewarded to book values by bank regulator. On the other hand, the rising use of qualitative factor the same as well as a book ratio in capital regulation indicates with the purpose of regulators conscious of deficiencies in book values. Several of the so called qualitative consideration was exactly the factor distinguishes market as of book value (Marcus, 1983). Investment could moreover influence earnings throughout operating costs. If banks be not entirely cost efficient, a change in CAR influence the force on management to control costs. Investment was highly expensive compared to debt at the margin, the time of increase in capital precipitate by regulator power. On the other hand, the decrease in debt servicing load could reduce short-term pressures to set aside on operating costs to provide resources to reimburse debt holders or acquire away from debt holders the organize require in the occurrence of organization costs (Jensen, 1986; Harris and Raviv, 1990). One more complexity with narrative was the purpose of the implication of the ES hypotheses about the things of effectiveness on market structure having certainly not been experienced. An essential condition for the ES hypotheses on the way to be true was the effectiveness was positively associated to attentiveness and/or market share. Once more, direct method of efficiency was required for the task (Berger, 1995). In the study, the optimistic profit-market share association support ESS, the scale efficiencies completely linked to both variables. Still in several studies does manage for scale, ESS possibly be the primary explanation of the data. The reason does not directly measures scale efficiencies but had often been particular do not allow for U-shaped standard cost curves. Obviously, the literature cannot differentiate in the middle of the various hypotheses devoid of including shortest measures of both X-efficiencies as well as scale efficiencies (Berger, 1995). The positive earnings to capital was steady with the hypothesis to facilitate banks retain several marginal earnings in the shape of equity increase. The judgment was not surprising to pay main attention, on the other hand, to the positive since capital to earnings, which was quite astonishing. The result was also the most applicable to the strategy debate over capital standards, and the individual most directly challenges conservative wisdom (Berger, 1995). Former studies were experienced the MP hypotheses individually by investigative the price concentration connection, again lacking the assistance of efficiency variables. Prices were regress next to attention and/or market share, and a result of less favourable prices for customers of firms in more intense markets or with larger market shares were occupied as support for the suitable MP hypothesis (Berger, Hannan, 1989 and Hannan, 1991). Bank capital was the sum of equity plus debt subordinated to deposits. Capital provides a cushion to protect the bank from insolvency when the value of assets falls; a bank can meet obligations to depositors as long as losses on asset portfolio do not exceed the capital. The ratio of capital to total assets in U.S. commercial banks had fallen dramatically in the last two decades, dropping from 11.7 percent in 1961 to 5.7 percent in 1978, the lowest level since World War I (Marcus, 1983). On the other hand, such test was also challenging because the disqualified efficiency variables possibly be related with equally prices and market structure. Beneath the ES hypotheses, prices comparatively positive for customers of firm in intense markets or with large shares the reason of the disqualified efficiency variables, so the coefficients of attentiveness and share in such a price equation can represent a net result of the different hypotheses. An irrelevant market structure coefficient cannot be use to differentiate between cases in which mutually MP and ES effects neither functioning. A potentially more severe trouble was at hand if effectiveness was unenthusiastically related with focus or market share. Probably occur in banking because the maximum concentration and largest shares were regularly in country markets where firms possibly of less capable scale or everywhere organization or other factors of construction were moderately poor quality (Berger, 1995). The advantages of deposit finance were offset by two factors. First, bankruptcy was costly to owners entails the loss of the bank charter as well as other direct costs. Second, regulatory pressure for adequate capital results in additional auditing costs, regulatory interference, and, in extreme cases, loss of FDIC deposit insurance. The bank thus maximizes value by increasing equity to the point at which the marginal value of reduced regulatory pressure and potential bankruptcy costs equals the marginal tax disadvantage of equity finance (Marcus, 1983). At that point, the optimistic profit-structure connection was false, slightly than of direct origin, with competence driving both profits and market structure. Below the scale effectiveness report of the efficient arrangement hypothesis (ESS), firms basically equally good management and technology, but a number of firms simply produce at more well-organized scales than others, and as a result lesser unit costs and superior unit profits. The firms theoretically having large market shares possibly result in high levels of absorption, again yielding a positive profit structure association as a forged outcome (Lambson, 1987). The market power (MP) hypothesis had fundamentally different implication from the two -structure (ES) hypotheses for amalgamation and antitrust policy. To the degree the MP hypotheses were accurate, mergers motivated by requirements to set prices were less constructive to consumers, which decrease total customer plus producer surplus. To the degree the ES hypotheses were correct, merger motivated by capability deliberation increase total surplus. Therefore, advocate of the MP hypotheses lean to see antitrust enforcement as generally favourable, while ES advocates tend to see strategy hold back mergers as socially costly (Berger, 1995). The result also disagree with several opinion supposed to validate distance requirements for instance, the free of charge banks grip too a small number of reserves and too dangerous portfolio (Cothren, 1987). Reserve needs were required because of the ethical hazard problem linked with deposit insurance. The results propose not only deposit insurance and lender of last resort be not inevitably mandatory to prevent panic but, without reserve requirements, superior banks incentive to grasp reserves indicate the superiority (Freeman, 1988) Moreover theoretical input, research provide official test of bank signaling. The nonexistence of central bank or lender of last resort during 1964-65 serves as a test whether free banks signaled to avoid contagious runs. The experimental result supports the signaling hypothesis. Ultimately, the paper proposes empirical measures also appropriate in testing other signaling hypotheses, mainly multi-signaling (Chu, 1999). on the other hand, one quarrel in opposition to free banking a fall down because of externalities due asymmetric informational It was tremendously complicated to differentiate between a comparative far above the ground rate of return accessible because of greater efficiency and single was presented because the establishment was also tasking much riskier strategy (Goodhart, 1988). Though, information asymmetries do not involve marketplace forces fail to make sure high-quality banking practice. On other hand confirmation earlier to the institution of the FDIC depositors and note holder cares about banks financial circumstances and carefully scrutinizes balance sheets (Kaufman, 1988). Initially, showed banks deposit rate and risk-free resources investment can be a shared signal of bank quality. At the same time as deposit rates single-handedly a noisy indicator, depositors know how to supplementary use accessible information to monitor banks. In a unscrambling equilibrium, a good bank signals superiority by contributing a lower deposit rate and investing a higher proportion of liquid, risk-free asset as a bad bank. The bank information eradicate banking panics even in a non-diamond banking system was even everywhere individual banks can not completely expand and no secondary markets for bank loans, equity, and deposits (Gorton and Haubrich, 1987). Such separating balance means asymmetric in sequence does not unavoidably lead to contagious bank runs. However, the signal at time rules out contagions base on wrong attributions of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bad banking only. Contagions possibly still arise if depositors anticipate bank loans to go unpleasant for reason independent of bank quality. Consequently, a role motionless exists for former supplementary panic devices, such as delay contracts (Chu, 1999). It always lead to free-rider and an externalities problem as well as contagious bank runs because depositors, mostly small ones, cannot distinguish between strong and trouble banks. As a result, conveniently there was no guarantee competitive stress had implement good banking training, and a central bank was mandatory to correct market failure to in sequence asymmetry (Chu, 1999). Banks was confidential into diverse types base on the bankers excellence, which vary because of differences in guidance, managerial skills, experience, and specialized ethics. A banks kind was denoted by an arbitrary variable 0, where 0 E (), the set of all doable types. Bank excellence affects the expected net return on assets the loan scheme was reduced in cost by the higher the value of 0, the lower was the banks quality. At the opening of the game, Nature determines the type of banks in the industry. For ease, presume only two types good and bad. After 0was realize, banks offer deposit contract to depositors. Base own type, banks decide deposit rates, to make the most of the expected profits. The contract was fixed rate and not state contingent for the reason of costly state substantiation (Townsend, 1979). But the preliminary stability was separating; bank cannot be communicable for the reason depositors can recognize good banks by the signal. A run occur for getaway to quality. Comparable to bank capital, the responsibility of the signal here was for good quality banks to rule out contagions. Bank runs play a significant role by given incentive for depositors to observe banks and also for banks to signal excellence. The difference from the cases of deferment of convertibility (Gorton, 1985; Dowd, 1988 and Selgin, 1993). In addition, even though the latter plans ideally give out as a signal as well as a beneficial measure to re-establish stability when a panic was begun, the position in practice was still debatable. Experiential evidence was consequently needed to settle on whether banks actually sign and signal had used (Friedman and Schwartz, 1963). CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS The chapter formed the core of the research work. The research methods chapter illustrated the detail information regarding data collection technique, sample size and also the tools had been used in the study. The statistical tool also mentioned to give clear idea about the data collected and treatment. 3.1 Method of Data Collection There were two types of sources available for data collection i.e. primary and secondary data source. In the research secondary data source had been used. Secondary data were gathered from annual reports of the company and remaining data collected by using the formula of studied variables return on equity ratio and capital asset ratio. The annual financial information extracted from selected financial institution web site. Such as annual statements. 3.2 Sampling Technique The study period was consists of six years from (2004-2009). The main reason for short study period was the availability of the relevant data. Ten major banks in Pakistan were selected from total population of thirty three in the banking industry. The ten major banks covered 78% market share of Pakistan banking industry. The selection of banks made on the basis of total assets for the period ended December 31, 2009. 3.3 Sampling size Sample size used for the study was 10 different banks on the basis of the market share. The ten major banks covered 78% market share of Pakistan banking industry. The selection of banks made on the basis of total assets for the period ended December 31, 2009. 3.4 Instrument of Data Collection There were two types of sources available for data collection i.e. primary and secondary data. In the research secondary data was used. Secondary data was gathered from annual reports of the company and remaining data calculated by using the formula of studied variables. 3.5 Research Model Developed ROE =ÃŽÂ ±+ÃŽÂ ²1CAR+à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ ± = Regression Constant Alpha ÃŽÂ ² = Regression Coefficient Beta ROE = Return on Equity CAR = Capital to Asset Ratio à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ = Error 3.6 Statistical Technique The data were analyzed by using regression model to find out the impact of capital to asset ratio on return on equity. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Data Analysis and Findings Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics    Mean Std. Deviation N ROE 0.211 0.113 60 CAR 0.073 0.036 60 The value of mean shown the average values, Standard deviation shown the variability of each dependant and independent variable and N represented the number of cases in the analysis. Each banks average return on equity ratio was 0.211percent and Variability in the return on equity was 0.113 percent. The result showed return on equity increased during six years and major contribution was from big five nationalized banking industry. Average CAR during six years was 0.073 percent. While variation appeared was 0.036 percent. Table 4.2: Summary of Regression Result R R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 0.483 0.233 0.100 The table 4.2 displayed R, R Squared and the standard error. R represented the multiple correlation coefficients and the relationship between the independent variables and dependant variable. Low value of R 0.483 in model summary table. Indication was weak relationship. R squared value was the proportion of variation in the dependant variable explained by the independent variables. With the linear regression model, the error of estimate was considerably lower, about 0.100. Table 4.3: ANOVA    Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Regression 0.175 1 0.175 17.633 0.000 Residual 0.575 58 0.010       Total 0.750 59          The table 4.3 summarized regression output displayed information about the variation accounted for by the model. While, residual indicated information not accounted for by the model. The model with large regression sum of squares indicated the model accounted most of variation explained by the independent variables in the dependent variable. The significance value of the F statistic was less than 0.05, which means the variation explained by the model was not due to chance. While the ANOVA table was a useful test of the models ability to explain any variation in the dependent variable. Table 4.4: Return on Equity    Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) 0.323 0.030    10.920 0.000 CAR -1.525 0.363 -0.483 -4.199 0.000 The estimated model equation was = 0.323-1.525 CAR+à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ The impact of significant variable had been mentioned below: One percent increase in capital to asset ratio had decreased the return on equity by 1.525 percent and constant represent the amount when the capital to asset ratio equal to zero. Which was equal to return on equity. The standardized value of capital to asset ratio increase by 1 percent then standardized value of return on equity decreased by 0.483 percent. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary 4.5: Hypotheses Assessment Summary Hypothesis Independent Variables t value sig. Comments There was a significant and negative impact of capital to asset ratio on return on equity. Capital to Asset Ratio -4.199 0.000 Accepted since there was a significant and negative impact of capital to asset ratio on return on equity. Dependent Variable : Return on Equity CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATION, FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusions The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of capital on banks earnings. Banks efficiency considered the main pillar to run the economy of any country and Pakistan stability and growth mainly dependant on the banking sector. Capital and earnings always been the major building block of any bank for there operations and generation on money. The study period was consists of six years from (2004-2009). The ten major banks covered 78% market share of Pakistan banking industry. The selection of banks made on the basis of total assets for the period ended December 31, 2009. In the research two variables were used based on previous studies. The independent variable was capital to asset ratio and dependent variable was Return on Equity. Regression technique was used to determine the impact of capital to asset ratio on return on equity and finding of the research showed that there was a significant and negative impact of capital to asset ratio on return on equity. The return on equity measures how much shareholders earned for investments in the company. Equity to asset ratio expresses the amount of the total assets financed by owners equity capital, indicates the finance and profitability of the company and was the major source of income for banks. Therefore income generation ability of assets had a vital influence on the banks earnings, performance and profitability. The return on equity reveals that how greatly the profit corporations earned in association to the total amount of the shareholder equity originate on the balance sheet. The shareholders equi ty that equals to the total assets less the total liabilities. The shareholders equity was the formation of the accounting that represents the assets that were created by the retained earnings of the business and the paid in capital of the owners. Business with higher return on equity was expected to be the one that capable of generating cash internally. The return on equity figures takes into account that the retained earnings from the preceding year that tells the investor that how effectively capital being re invested. The finding of the study showed that there was a significant and negative impact of capital to asset ratio on return on equity. As the capital asset ratio increases the return on equity decreases and as capital asset ratio decreases the return on equity increases. Which resulted in pushing up the banks profitability and goodwill. 5.2 Discussions and limitations There were some limitations in the research. Such as; The study period was consists of six years from (2004-2009). The main reason for short study period was the availability of the relevant data. Ten major banks in Pakistan were selected from total population of thirty three in the banking industry. The sample size was consisting of ten major banks in Pakistan. The covered 78% market share of the Pakistan banking industry. 5.3 Implications and Recommendation The current study based on the ten banks. The recommendation was that the study based on all the banks operating in Pakistan. Which provide better judgment and comparison with the international level.