Social Aspects of American Children Being Born in Poverty...

More and more children are in greater and greater trouble -James Garbarino This simple statement, made by James Garbarino in his book Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment, concisely and appropriately describes the current state of children and youth in America. Garbarino suggests that children today are being brought up in a socially toxic environment where violence, divorce, racism, addiction, educational failure, poor physical health, and adult emotional problems are just a few of the toxic social forces converging on children, robbing them of their innocence and dignity. Moreover, he argues, children who are faced with economic distress and poverty are particularly vulnerable. For them the risks are compounded, as†¦show more content†¦One successful means of compromise was offered by Urie Bronfenbrenner in 1979, when he introduced the Ecological Model of child development. His model, which looks like a bulls-eye, has the child and his or her individual characteristics at its center. The first ring around the child is the microsy stem, consisting of the childs immediate surroundings. The next ring is the mesosystem, a series of connection between elements of the microsystem. The third ring is the exosystem, containing the people and institutions that affect the child indirectly. The final ring is the macrosystem, composed of the attitudes and ideologies of society as a whole. In the model all of the layers surrounding the child interact both with each other and with the child. Bronfenbrenners ecological model of child development can serve as an effective framework for understanding the impact of health care, homelessness, and violence on children living in poverty, and it can guide for our attempts to improve conditions for children and youth in America. At the level of the microsystem, quality health care is seen as essential to a childs physical and mental development. According to Judith A. Chafel, poor children are much more likely than children who arent poor to experience low birth weight, poor nutrition and growth, lack of immunization, poisonings and lead intoxication, risk of injury, andShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Income Inequality Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesStates is the question of income inequality: whether it exists and whether we are obliged to address it. The â€Å"American Dream† ideology which permeates most aspects of our daily life, influences an automatic response to income inequality to be that those at the bottom are not working hard enough and that those at the top have earned their wealth through hard work. These perceptions of poverty and inequality limit productive conversation that can lead to meaningful change, which at a purely moral levelRead MoreSocial Justice Is More than a Definition 118 9 Words   |  5 Pagespermanently with just one meaning, Social Justice definition goes beyond what it states. The dictionary’s defines Social Justice as â€Å"the ability people have to realize their potential in the society where they live.† However, Social Justice and what it entails for people who are interested in learning about it, and practicing it would have to dig even deeper to have a better understanding. According to Christopher Merret’s Social Justice: What Is It, Why Teach It? Social Justice â€Å"can be defined in termsRead MoreEthnic Minority And The Military779 Words   |  4 Pagesreasons. While researching this topic, one particular minority population stood out to me, which is the Latino population. 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The Ethics Of Kantian Ethics - 3078 Words

The impact of Kantian ethics has been truly extensive in the philosophical community for centuries now. Numerous philosophers have accepted, disputed and further developed the Kantian style of ethics in the modern era. German philosopher Immanuel Kant has established a theory based on a simple few concepts. Some of the key features of this theory are intrinsic goodness, moral worth and a few others that I will establish further later in the essay. In this thesis I will be highlighting if consequences play a sufficiently important role in Kantian ethics. I will argue the case that according to Kant, consequences do not play a sufficient enough role in his ethics, however I will be giving praise to some ideas he does bring up but I feel†¦show more content†¦One question that must be addressed is what exactly are moral consequences? What do consequences contain? According to Kantian ethics, the problem with consequences is that that they are constantly out of our hands and ve ry unpredictable. A quote that highlights the conflict with consequences can be found in Kant’s text. ‘Even if by a special disfavor of fortune or by the niggardly provision of a step motherly nature, this will should wholly lack the capacity to carry out its purpose--if with its greatest efforts it should achieve nothing and only the good will were left†¦.then, like a jewel, it would still shine by itself, as something that has full worth in itself’ Kant, I (2012). What the quote expresses is that it makes reference to the good will. If an individual’s ‘will’ is pure and in line with what is morally right, it will shine through regardless of the consequence or outcome. There are also a few others things that must be taken into account like intent and reason. When we discuss moral law we are only talking about the maxim, due to the uncertainty of predicting consequences. Immanuel Kant’s literature titled practical philosophy contains numerous writings on his approach to moral philosophy. A chapter titled ‘on a supposed right to lie from philanthropy’ is a segment from the book in which Kant deals with the problem regarding duty and

Btec Sport National Extended Diploma Level 3 Free Essays

Name: Jean-Pierre Nsinga Date: 1 September 2012 IV’D: Name: Jean-Pierre Nsinga Date: 1 September 2012 IV’D: BTEC LEVEL 3 EXTENDED DIPLOMA IN SPORT (Development, Coaching amp; Fitness) ASSIGNMENT BRIEF Student Name:Jean-Pierre NsingaTutor Name: Lizzie Farquhar Unit Seven:â€Å"Fitness Testing for Sport amp; Exercise Launch Date: 10 September 2012Hand In Date: 22 October 2012 Criteria Covered:LO1,3,4 P1,5,6 M1,3,4 D2 ————————————————- ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT TITLE: â€Å"Fitness Testing† No : 1/2 ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT SCENARIO: As a Personal Trainer at Farquhar Health Club, one of your main roles and responsibilities is to conduct fitness assessments with clients and provide feedback. ————————————————- To PASS this assignment, complete the following tasks: ————————————————- ————————————————- Task One: You will take part in different fitness tests for: flexibility, trength, aerobic endurance, speed, power, muscular endurance and body composition to enable you to: —â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Describe ONE test for EACH component of physical fitness. Include advantages amp; disadvantages (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Btec Sport National Extended Diploma Level 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. cost, time, equipment, facility requirements, skill level of person carrying out test, issues with test validity, and issues with test reliability). ————————————————- Present this as an A4 information booklet. ————————————————- PASS1 ————————————————- Task Two: Select SIX different fitness tests for a selected individual suitable to their fitness activities. Safely administer these tests whilst being assessed by your tutor, include photographic evidence. The assessment will include observed evidence of: correct pre-test procedures, correct sequencing of tests, and adherence of health amp; safety procedures, termination of tests if required, and accurate recording of results ————————————————- PASS5 ———————————————— Task Three: Give feedback to a selected individual, following fitness testing, describing the test results and interpreting their levels of fitness against normative data (e. g. population norms, accepted health ranges, norms for sports). Present this information in the form of an individual client information booklet. ————————————————- PASS6 ————————————————- To progress to higher grades see next page ————————————————- ———————————————— To progress to MERIT grade for this assignment complete the following: ————————————————- —————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ONE fitness test for EACH component of physical fitness. You must consider factors related to test validity and reliability and how these factors could affect data results. Provide reasons and/or evidence clearly supporting this. Draw on examples from personal experiences or observations. ———————————————— MERIT1 ————————————————- Justify the selection of fitness tests commenting on suitability, reliability, validity and practicality. Why were they most suitable for your client? In your selection of tests, did you take into account their goals, needs and general level of fitness? Give reasons or evidence to support your views and how you arrived at these conclusion s. ————————————————- MERIT3 ————————————————- Compare the fitness test results to normative data and identify strengths and areas for improvement ————————————————- MERIT4 ————————————————- ————————————————- To progress to DISTINCTION grade for this assignment complete the following: ————————————————- ————————————————- Analyse the fitness test results and provide recommendations for appropriate future activities or training. You must look beyond basic facts and make appropriate comments. Recommendations must include: frequency, intensity, time and type of activity that the individual should take part in to facilitate improvements for each component. ————————————————- DISTINCTION 2 ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- —————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- PLEASE HAND THIS BRIEF IN WITH YOUR ASSIGNMENT – AS A TOP SHEET Followed by your â€Å"front page† Student Name: Jean-Pierre Nsinga ID: 1205079 Tutor: Alysia Bastock Unit Seven:â€Å"Fitness Testing for Sport amp; Exercise Launch Date: 10 September 2012Hand In Date: 22 October 2012 Intro; In this assignment I will be talking about different fitness test, to check their reliability and validity, their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore I will choose fitness test for a client for them to perform and provide suitable feedbacks on their performance. Task. 1 Flexibility, test â€Å"Sit And Reach† This test is made to test an athlete’s flexibility, (in particular their lower back and hamstrings) This test demands; A flat surface for the athlete to sit down in the correct position, A box (preferably the main â€Å"sit and reach box† with all the measurements on the box, to have a better visual on the athlete’s result), a ruler for the athlete to push to perform the test and an assistant to record the results. How to cite Btec Sport National Extended Diploma Level 3, Papers

Mental Rotation Report free essay sample

Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to confirm the theory that we create picturelike representation of perceived visual stimuli, and we can also mentally rotate the representation to a known â€Å"upright† position. The reaction time increases linearly according to the angle of the rotation, regardless of their complexity (Cooper, 1975). In some circumstances, we snap the perceived visual stimuli and create a picturelike image in head.The process of mentally rotating the image inevitably takes time, and the length of the reaction time indicates how much effort we put in it. That means the reaction time represents the mental effort, and vice versa. It’s reasonable that as the angle of rotation increases, the more effort will be needed which results in linear increase in reaction time. We mentally rotate the image in head as a whole just like physically rotating exist pictures, the complexity of the image won’t impact the reaction time within some certain degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Rotation Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the image is complex enough (such as 3-D images), the time we need to â€Å"snap and copy† it increases. Also during the rotation, more reaction time will be needed because the time we spend verifying the correctness of the image increases (Shepard Metzler, 1988). In this experiment, we use 3-D images to confirm the hypothesis of Cooper’s theory that as the angle of rotation increases, the reaction time linearly increases accordingly. Method Participants Participants included twenty-eight undergraduate students in Cognitive Psychology Course. Mental Rotation TaskThe mental rotation task consisted of at least 70 trials presented on the computer monitor (Francis, Neath, VanHorn, 2008, pp. 105-107). On each trial, participants saw two 3-D block shapes, one to the left and one to the right. Each block shape is within a circle. The two shapes were either identical, or mirror-reversed. One shape was also rotated around the vertical axis with either degree of angle (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120o). Participants were asked to determine if the two shapes were the same (pressing / key) or mirror-reversed (pressing Z key). The mistaken trials would be repeated, only reaction time of the correct trials was used. Procedure All of the participants consented to the experiment and followed the instructions to complete the mental rotation task which took approximately 30 minutes to complete. Results This study used a 7 (angles of rotation: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120o) by 2 (identical, mirror-reversed) within-subject design. The independent variable was the angle of rotation of 3-D block shape. The dependent variable was the reaction time in milliseconds.The reaction time is depicted below. Figure 1. Reaction time in milliseconds [pic] A within-subjects analysis of variance conducted on the participants’ reaction time revealed the main effect of angle of rotation, F(6,162) = 18. 05 (? p2 = 0. 40, p . 001). It’s apparent that the reaction time linearly increased as the angle of rotation increased. Discussion The result confirmed the hypothesis of Cooper’s theory. The participants’ reaction time linearly increased according to the angles of rotation. Given the knowledge that reaction time indicates the mental effort put in rotation, and vice versa, as we need more effort to rotate a greater angle, the reaction time also increases. When we create a 3-D representation of visual stimuli, we spend more time than 2-D representation because more features should be verified, so does mentally rotate a 3-D representation. As we mentally rotate the 3-D image just like physically rotating it, we automatically check the feedbacks if the image or rotation is correct, which leads up to more effort and reaction time.According to this experiment, the time of creating a 3-D representation was about 1483. 6 ms, compared to 754 ms when creating a 2-D representation. Also the time needed to rotate each degree of angle of a 3-D representation (15. 004 ms) was more than 2-D representation (2. 16 ms). According to this experiment, we conclude that mental rotation needs mental effort, which is revealed by reaction time. Mental rotation is alike physical rotation, the effort or reaction time correlates with the angle of rotation. As the angle increases, the reaction time increases linearly.

The poem Half-past Two Essay Example

The poem Half-past Two Paper The poem Half-past Two is written from a childs point of view, and serves to identify the problems that could occur when a child is faced with an authoritative adult. The impact of the teachers behaviour on the child is frequently emphasized, either by the use of italics or capitals. In the second line of the first stanza, the capital letters in the phrase Very Wrong differentiate the teachers voice and the emphasis she bestows on these words, which effectively shows the solid impression the words had in the childs memory. This is further supported by the ironic remark by the child I forgot what it was, meaning that the teachers accusation left him a more distinct recollection and that his wrong deed was trivialised. Although the poem is conveyed in a lovely, fantasy way, the poet U. A. Fanthorpe criticized the dismissive teacher by portraying her in an unfavorable light. The teacher is never addressed directly rather than by She or Her. Further more, she is described like an animal when she scuttles into the classroom. From this, it could be seen that the poem Half-past Two does not directly state the specific childhood problem, but depicts the teacher in a negative way so that mild sympathy for the little child is provoked. By thinking in a different way, one could deduce that the child suffered from the neglect by his dismissive teacher, but the poem itself does not convey childhood problem in a very intelligible way. On the other hand We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Half-past Two specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Half-past Two specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Half-past Two specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In conclusion, the poem My Parents kept me away from Children who were Rough conveys childhood problems in a coherent manner, followed by the poem Half-past Two which attempts to communicate to the readers about childhood obstacles though in an indirect way, while the poem Piano conveys nothing about childhood problems. The three poems are well written in their own ways, but the magnitude of which they explore the theme childhood problems is quite different. This could be due to the differences in culture at the time when the poems were written. Piano was composed in 1918, when the world was dominated by men and little attention was paid to the benefits and rights of children. This perhaps explains why D. H. Lawrence focused more on the man and the problems he encountered while spent little time dwelling on childhood problems. The other two poems Half-past Two and My Parents kept me away from Children who were Rough are relatively modern, which endeavoured to pay tributes to children in a situation where they are getting more important.

assholes on crack essays

assholes on crack essays If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!! If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!! If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!!If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!!If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!!If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!!If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. IT'S YOURS!!!If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with sub...

Theme of Death across Dr Faustus, Paradise Lost, Shakespeares Sonnets Essay - 1

Theme of Death across Dr Faustus, Paradise Lost, Shakespeares Sonnets and The Pardoners Tale - Essay Example Death is that relentless time passing, causing everything to decay. It is the transience of things, of all that is mortal and born in time. Time devours everything (Shakespeare). Death is also a sad force that cannot be stopped, not by anything on earth (Shakespeare (b)): Since neither brass nor stone nor earth nor the limitless ocean is strong enough to resist the sad force of mortality, how can beauty possibly resist death’s rage when beauty is no stronger than a flower? How could your beauty, which is as fragile as the sweet breath of summer, hold out against the destructive assaults of time when neither invulnerable rocks nor gates of steel are strong enough to resist its decaying power? (Shakespeare (b)) Yet, in the midst of this grave and gloomy image of death as the incessant work of time, there is also an aspect of death that transcends the destruction, and that is the beauty of the beloved as immortalized in the poetry, according to Shakespeare (Shakespeare (c)): Despite death and ignorant enmity, you shall continue on. All those generations to come, down to the weary end of time, will devote space to praising you. So until Judgment Day, when you are raised up, you will live in this poetry, and in the eyes of lovers who read this. (Shakespeare (c)) In Christopher Marlowe’s ‘The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus’ again we see the same themes about death being, in essence, something that is of man’s making, through the decisions that he makes to either go with the good in him, or in the case of Dr. Faustus, to sign away his soul to the devil in exchange for his worldly ambitions and desires. Where in Milton the cause of the death in metaphorical terms was the disobedience by Adam and Eve of the express command of God, in Dr. Faustus by Marlowe there is the sense of the key protagonist willing to risk all, even his soul, for the sake of a worldly career and knowledge of a dubious magic that would not save him in the end. Knowledge

Operations and Business Systems Management (OBSM) - Business Studies Essay

Operations and Business Systems Management (OBSM) - Business Studies - Essay Example ny prioritizes some competitive criteria, according to market tendencies and concentrates its efforts to get a competitive position relating to concurrence’ (Santos et al., 2000, 2). The above issue was also examined by Rand (1999) who found that one of the most important advantages for a company that operates in the modern market is ‘visibility’ which was defined by Rand as ‘the capability to see and to understand the condition of the revenue-producing process as the revenue plan unfolds; the condition of the process is determined by the products position in the supply chain relative to the actual demand, i.e., the process is in good condition if the product and all of its components can be moved from their location in the process through the balance of the process in time to meet the date the product is scheduled to be shipped’ (Rand, 1999, 97). The above issues have to be considered when evaluating the corporate strategy followed by a company withi n a particular industrial sector. In this paper, Toyota is used as a ‘sample’ firm in order to investigate the level of effectiveness of corporate strategic plan as it is usually structured in most manufacturing companies around the world. The particular elements of the above company’s strategy (i.e. the most significant parts of its strategic plan) are then used in order to test the company’s ability to achieve its targets with a special reference to the ‘process types’ and ‘layout types’ that the company has chosen to use within the borders set by its strategic plan. Finally, the capacity strategy adopted by the organization is identified and evaluated taking into account the company’s internal and external environment and mostly its competitors both in the local and the global market. Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the most significant corporations in the automobile industry. The company was founded in 1894 and has soon become one of the world’s leading competitors in its area of

Con position - Unwilling patients should undergo routine lifesaving Essay

Con position - Unwilling patients should undergo routine lifesaving procedures against their will - Essay Example In this regard, my position in such views is that patients should not undergo routine lifesaving procedures against their will. As much as making them undergo the life saving procedures is for their own good, doing so against their will is illegal. Pozgar (2012) claims that medical directives passed a Do Not resuscitate order explaining the concept of patient self-rule to some situations in which they are not able to make some crucial decisions because of incapacitation. This law instructs the doctors not to perform resuscitation cardiopulmonary or life-saving procedures to patients against their will and other life procedures in terms of restarting the breathing or heart once it ceases. This medical order is one of the key legal concepts that place medical limits in terms of treatment, as well as guides the doctors on the options and wishes of the patient and therefore helps the patient’s family members make decisions according to patient’s wishes. Therefore, one should not resuscitate a patient against his will. Additionally, some doctors tend to take advantage on the patient’s situation or illness and can prefer to perform life saving procedures on the patient. Ashton, Barbara, Lyer, & Shea (2006) claim that there are some circumstances that exist before taking a human life, in which such decisions must be approved and justified. Guidelines should be followed in the medical grounds when it comes to making some decisions on patients who are extremely ill or have severe injuries that are hard to establish. Despite some life procedures designed to avoid the suffering of the patient, in some medical cases which are irreversible, medical personnel should not use them on patients against their will. This is because the procedures should only be used on the patients if they have communicated or authorized to be saved in case of emergencies (Pozgar, 2012). Additionally, some patients die because of some

Paid News In India The Cases And Issues Media Essay

Paid News In India The Cases And Issues Media Essay This research aims to conduct a study on media ethics and responsibility in India as regards paid news. One of the main objectives of the research is to identify and critically discuss the cases of various forms of paid news specifically the practice paid news during elections. Therefore, in this part of the paper an attempt is made identify and critically discuss the cases of various forms of paid news specifically the practice paid news during elections. The major cases of paid news are discussed in the forms of the case of Maharashtra Assembly elections in 2009, the case of Commonwealth Games and the revelations of Radia tapes. THE CASES and ISSUES In the present day, having population of more than billion India props up just about 70 thousand registered newspapers and more than 450 television channels comprising a number of 247 news channels. By and large, the Indian media generally plays the part of constructive opposition in the Parliament with that of in different Legislative Assemblies of the State. Media persons and particularly newspapers journalists are distinguished and esteemed as the moral guide in the Indian society at large. Whilst the newspapers in Europe and America are trailing their circulation yearly, the Indian print media is even this day going stronger with vast circulation number and market avenues. More importantly in Indian democracy, the media carries on to be celebrated as the fourth vital pillar after judiciary, legislature and bureaucracy (Thakuria, 2010). However, unhappily a cancer in the form of paid news damaged the image and trustworthiness of media in the country, particularly in the recent yea rs. The practice that entails currency in getting dishonorably media space by the recipients continues to be a central issue in India all through the recent past. The caner of paid news is found to be damaging the honour and esteem of the media leading to peoples decreasing trust in reported news and the journalists. As per the Eldeman Trust Barometer Survey (2011, cited from Seetharam, 2011), whereas the trust in media as an establishment went up by 4 percent all through the world, the similar parameter for India fell from 58 percent to 50 percent. This downhill trend has had been persisting ever since the previous three-four years. This trend points toward the rising trust deficit of newspapers and television news channels in India. If this trend continues, the world of Indian media will not be glorified and trusted one. Despite this, every day we come to know about big scandals and fraudulent practices in the form of paid news s nexus between media persons and politicians, and further between media persons and corporate houses. The case of Radia tape is still in our memory and many such cases are concealed because of the involvement of media persons. When media people become corrupt, who will disclose the corruption and wrong doings of politicians and business houses? The unfortunate situation is that despite the condition of being grave the media as a whole is yet to recognise this catastrophe of confidence. Instead of taking the responsibility, the big national media houses and media persons are quiet pleased to blame the language media and other institutions and themselves take up a holier than thou position. The emerging crisis is evidently hurting the wellbeing of Indian democracy , where media as fourth pillar of democracy is expected to play more responsible role. If the fraudulent practice of paid news continues, the trust deficit of newspapers and television news channels in India will fast go up, and it would be nothing to surprise if within two-three years Eldeman Trust Barometer Survey will come out with the result of media trust in Indian going down from 50 percent to 25 percent and even lesser than that. Off course very recently, particularly after the Radia tape case, various leading media persons and media houses have demonstrated their concern as regards the ill practice of paid news, but the predicament is that Indian media is badly under the grip of paid news culture and in order to root out the menace of paid news, there is need strike the prevailing culture of paid news in the mainstream media. Paid news are those news or articles in print or electronic media, which point toward favourable situation for the organization or establishment that has paid for it. In the case of paid news, the news comes much in the form of an advertisement, although devoid of the advertisement tag. This sort of news has been regarded as a stern misconduct in view of the fact that it misleads the populace, not allowing them recognize that the news actually is purposed to advertisement. On the other hand, in such cases of paid news the payment modes generally defies tax laws and election expenditure laws. More badly, it raises electoral issue for the reason that the media has a straight control on voters (Banerjee and Gigani, 2011). The Press Council of India issued guiding principle pertinent to both government authorities and the media during the 15th General Elections to the Lok Sabha hat took place in April-May 2009. Ensuring free and fair coverage by the media was the purpose why Press Council of India issued guiding principle. However, subsequent to the elections, an alarming trend was surfaced by the selected divisions of the media, where journalists from various media houses were found getting currency by candidates in election fray for favourable coverage or planting paid news (Press Council of India, 2010). This paid news was surfaced at three levels. At the first level, the reader of the newspaper or the viewer of the television programs is misled into considering that what is fundamentally an advertisement is in point of fact, in parallel presented news reports. At the second level, the practice of paid news was surfaced by not authoritatively saying publicly the expenses incurred on placing paid new s items. In that case the candidate in election fray defies the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, which are purposed to be put into effect by the Election Commission of India underneath the Representation of the People Act, 1951. At the third level , paid news taking place through not accounting for the riches received from candidates, the related media houses or their people as journalists , as they are violating the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 with that of the Income Tax Act, 1961, in doing so(Press Council of India, 2010). A part of Indian media extensively reported the occurrences of paid during the period 15th General Election and in the subsequent times. Further articles about paid news practices in Indian media too drew the attention of foreign media and foreign newspapers , particularly Wall Street Journal , the Guardian and the Independent pointed towards the alarming situation arising out due to paid news in India media (Thakurta and Reddy, 2010). The fact is that the occurrence of paid news has acquired sober extent in the world of Indian media. Nowadays, it goes away from the dishonesty of the particular media person and media house and has turned out to be invasive, structured and very much planned, and in this progression it is challenging the Indian democratic value. Paid news is now limited not only to cash payment but various forms of favours and malpractices. Let us discuss some cases in this regard. As regards a notable and serious case of paid news, the case of Maharashtra Assembly elections in 2009 is worth mentioning. During the elections of Maharashtra Assembly, Ashok Chavan as candidate made beneficial use of the print media in the forms of regional and national papers through giving advertisements. The paid news stories and editorials in the form of advertisements were published with and with no bylines in newspapers (Lund   and Thomas, 2012). The issue was  exposed by  a reputed national English daily Hindu that campaign advertisements in support of Mr. Chavan (who was contesting from Bhokar in the 2009 Assembly poll), were issued in Marathi newspapers, masking them as news items. The news was reported by Rural Affairs editor, P. Sainath of Hindu revealing much as regards the coverage that took place pre polls in Maharashtra. There was a wide-ranging coverage of Mr Chavan who as Chief Minister by the local media that comprised the largest circulated Lokmat too. Shoc kingly Chavan claimed that he had submitted the expenditure of those advertising to the District Election Officer , but the fact was that Mr. Chavan had not mentioned the money spent on such advertisements in his election expenses accounts and therefore was violation of Election Commission rules (Balaji, 2012). This was the second level of paid news as defined by Election Commission. Perhaps it was the first major reported case of paid news during elections. Case was filed against Mr. Chavan in the court by the candidates and it is currently in Supreme Court. Certainly this case was a wake up call for both Election Commission and Indian media, and as a result now during every election there are watchful eyes on paid news practices by Election Commission and some sections of media that operate ethically and responsibly. However, paid news is not full of life all through elections per se. Paid news has as well taken the shape of hush-hush contract where the media firms enters into a a greement with the organizations or corporate houses and money is are exchanged for advertising deals. A number of such cases have been found recently in Indian media. The case of paid news in Commonwealth Games is too worth mentioning. What notable is that the expression paid news does not essentially signify the news is paid for in the form of money or cash and this was made apparent during the Commonwealth Games that was organsed in New Delhi in 2010. It was certainly shocking how no newspaper or media person wrote about downbeat facets of the Games organization and the other linked facet till the last hours. However, in a report on a web portal titled Suresh Kalmadi met with officials of top media companies and urged them to support the games, revealed everything of what we talk about paid news. No wonder therefore simultaneously the English daily with the biggest circulation in India arrived with a pitch for getting hold of the status of the official newspaper og the Game and for the same it would offer particular attribute such Commonwealth Games quiz, seminars, marathon and even a Coffee table book. The pitch as well very bigheartedly added that We do not solicit any financial assistance from Commonwealth Ga mes for the above activities apart from regular advertising support for encouragement The most shocking component of the pitch was it assured that a few of its editorials, which are believed to be the non partial critical view of the editor, would exclusively focal point on the Games in a convincing non- advertising set-up. The newspaper as well mentioned the editorial content chart for landmark days such as Republic (Banerjee and Gigani, 2011). Definitely this was the case of paid and the question arises as whether endeavouring to get a collaborator position is ethical or unethical, moreover the question here rather is whether the line up amid news and advertisement is vague. Here if an advertisement attribute is offered as news the Right to Information is breached. In such case, the readers or viewers are deprived of a right picture and is made to suppose whatever is presented to them. This case is nothing but selling of editorials by the newspaper and undeniably a serious and fit case of paid news offense. The cases of paid news has badly hit the world of Indian media in recent years, and in this context one of most notable revealing has had been the paid news issue linked to Radia Tapes. This has been the most notably talked about issues in the Indian media as far as paid news is concerned, where the nexus is found between corporate houses, government authorities, corporate lobbyists and eminent journalists. The Radia tape has more drawn the attention towards the fact as how eminent senior journalists make use of their influence to strive and weaken the functioning of the government of India, than how media houses are taking money to publish or broadcast news. However, taking money to publish or broadcast news is worse, for the reason that it is all invasive from the smallest newspaper to the major news channel. We can understand that there are few sections in the media who have the sort of influence that is required to influence government, in the mode in which it was exposed in the Radia Tapes. But definitely the case is an eye-opening. Notably here the Radia tapes storm relates to the taped and released telephonic tà ªte-à  -tà ªte amid Niira Radia, a corporate lobbyist and a segment of politicians, corporate house owners bureaucrats and journalists that were taped by the Department of Income Tax for the period of 2008-09. The tape of telephonic tà ªte-à  -tà ªte reveals the lobbyist Radia stating that media is  greedy. The newspapers which had covered Radia tapes notably lost the advertisement from the corporate house of Tata. The report of this case draws our attention towards the negation in depending on advertising for revenue and simultaneously attempting to take action to the amplified professional rivalry which necessitates quality news reporting (Reddy, 2011).  Instead of coming with quality news reporting, newspapers and news channels taking the corrupt route of paid news. As per a latest study (Singh, 2012) approximately 10 percent of news in the newspapers is paid news , however the fact is that there is across-the-board corruption and fraudulent practices in Indian media. Yes not all news is paid news, but page 3 of newspapers in most cases is paid news and all the social activities that are found in newspapers are reported after receiving payment in cash and other forms. Even in the business section of the newspapers is too there is practice of paid news and a definite percentage of news is business section is paid news. Worth to mention here, corporate controlling in the media has had grown recently for the reason that of the cash, the editors post had been demoted. Corporate currency is required to run the national media and if demoted the clout of an editor the more will demote the editorial sections of the newspapers. Next comes the role of the central and state governments controlling news newspapers for their favour. These suggest that India media is today diseased to cancer of corruption in the form of paid news where both corporate houses and governments are contributing to demote the position of media from worse to worst. In such critical situation if Indian media fails to respond ethically and responsible, there will be serious challenge to its position democracys fourth pillar. As George (2012) aptly argues that the unethical character of paid news is so deceitful that one would think no newspaper or news channel organization would carry out such things, although the fact is that such thoughts are planned and started on by the nations main and esteemed newspapers and media houses . The control of a media house that is money-making is such as the sway of  chickungunia as spreading hasty. The plan of paid news has spread fast enough to be converted into one of the shames of contemporary time.  The media houses are crossing the boundary and it is ethically shoddier. What shocking is that even Rupert Murdoch did no t have the courage to bring in ideas that have turned into dishonorable in the world of Indian media that is paid news and the dishonest practice of hush-hush contracts. The section of media carrying out such fraudulent practices is nothing but cheating with the democracy and abusing the trust of citizens. This is worst of what we can expect from Indian media. The high time has arrived not only for media to behave more ethically and responsibly, but to make regulations to control paid news practices. SUMMARY The practice that entails currency in getting dishonorably media space by the recipients continues to be a central issue in India all through the recent past. The caner of paid news is found to be damaging the honour and esteem of the media leading to peoples decreasing trust in reported news and the journalists. The unfortunate situation is that despite the condition of being grave the media as a whole is yet to recognise this catastrophe of confidence. Instead of taking the responsibility, the big national media houses and media persons are quiet pleased to blame the language media and other institutions and themselves take up a holier than thou position. As regards a notable and serious case of paid news, the case of Maharashtra Assembly elections in 2009 is worth mentioning. During the elections of Maharashtra Assembly in 2009, the them Chief Minister Mr. Ashok Chavan as candidate made beneficial use of the print media in the forms of regional and national papers through giving a dvertisements. However, expression paid news does not essentially signify the news is paid for in the form of money or cash and this was made apparent during the Commonwealth Games. The Radia tape has more drawn the attention towards the fact as how eminent senior journalists make use of their influence to strive and weaken the functioning of the government of India, than how media houses are taking money to publish or broadcast news. However, taking money to publish or broadcast news is worse. Just about 10 percent of news in the newspapers is paid news; however the fact is that there is across-the-board corruption and fraudulent practices in Indian media. The unethical character of paid news is so deceitful that one would think no newspaper or news channel organization would carry out such things, although the fact is that such thoughts are planned and started on by the nations main and esteemed newspapers and media houses. The section of media carrying out such fraudulent practic es is nothing but cheating with the democracy and abusing the trust of citizens. Therefore, there requires urgent control on this both internally and externally.

The Effects of Gangs :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Effects of Gangs What is a gang? According to Steven Sachs, a probation officer since 1978, it is "a structured, cohesive group of individuals, usually between the ages of eleven and twenty-five, who generally operate under some form of leadership while claiming a territory or turf," (Sachs XV). Distinctive clothing, the use of special street names, language, symbols and signs, and the committing of organized and spontaneous criminal acts describe some of the characteristics of a gang. Gang members can be male or female, but they are most often male. Jeffery Fagan and Joan Moore, researchers who primarily use self-reports and observations in the field, estimate that female participation in gangs may be as high as 33 percent. In the first national survey that was conducted by Walter Miller in 1975, he estimated that 48 percent of gang members in the six largest cities in the United States were black, 36 percent Hispanic, 9 percent white, and 7 percent Asian. A few years later, in a more extensive surv ey in nine of the largest cities, Miller found that 44 percent of all gang members were Hispanic, 43 percent black, 9 percent white, 4 percent Asian. Based on these statistics, he speculated that illegal Hispanic immigrants may have contributed to the increasing number of gangs in California (Kinnear 76). Gangs are often rooted in the historical experience of discrimination and economic struggle. White gangs exist mainly to promote and act on racist beliefs, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Skinheads. Black gangs, Blood and CRIP, formed mainly for protection from other gangs. Hispanic gangs like Latin Kings and Sureno are typically concerned with the self-respect and integrity of their neighborhood. Asian gangs including Chinese and Korean are perhaps more organized than the Hispanic or Black gangs and have been associated with gambling, prostitution, and narcotics on a more sophisticated and profitable level than other types of gangs. They are also more mobile (Landre, Miller, Port er 4). As a result of gangs, increased use and dealing of drugs, a person's sense of belonging to a gang, and gang related crimes have had negative effects on society. Many of the images of gangs, based primarily on media reports, include the use of alcohol and drugs. People tend to believe that gangs sell drugs to make extra money or even that many of them are structured as mini-corporations and are heavily involved in the drug trade.

Absurdity of a “Sivilized” Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn Essay

The Absurdity of a â€Å"Sivilized† Society Authors often express their views on any given subject through their works, and Mark Twain is no exception. One may read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and believe it is simply a novel about a young boys childhood; however, a deeper analysis of the text reveals many of Mark Twain’s expressions about important moral and social issues. Perhaps one of the most prominent being the frailty of human justice and the hypocrisy we as a people foster in our societies. Throughout the novel, Huck meets people who appear to be good, civilized people, but always end up having a hypocritical fault about them. Though not every instance is a grave matter, Twain’s writing shows that societies in Huck’s world are based upon corrupted laws and principles that defy basic logic. Twain’s writing leaves the reader with an understanding that cowardice, illogical choices, and selfish as well as hypocritical people mark these societies. Twain begins weaving hypocrisies and cants early into the story; one of the most appalling being the issue of Huck’s custody. This flawed system of thought is first shown when the new judge in St. Petersburg rules that Pap has rightful custody of Huck. Although this would be bad for Huck if his father became his legal guardian, the judge asserts Pap’s rights to Huck as his biological son, despite the fact that this is placing Huck’s welfare below the so-called rights of his father. Ironically, this system would put Huck under his dad’s custody, leaving him worse off, whereas Jim is separated from his family despite being a far better father and person. However, the welfare of the individual isn’t highly valued in society, and thus they are placed in uncomfortable, often dangerous situations. The judge tries to put Huck back in contact with his horrid father and therefore abuse, but Jim, a loving parent, never receives help to be with his children and help rescue them from slavery and separation. This decision defies all logic one would find in a normal society, and yet this kind of thinking was commonplace. The values and welfare of a black person were nowhere near as important as those of a white man, and even though Jim is a grown man with the most in tune moral compass of any character in the book, Huck still has power over him simply because he is white. By comparing the situation of Pap and Huck with slaves and their masters, Twain hints that it is impossible for a society to be civilized so long as it practices slavery. Though not quite as harmful, another example of a hypocritical character can be found in the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson. In an attempt to â€Å"sivilize† Huckleberry, Miss Watson reprimands him for smoking a cigarette and yet she snuffs tobacco. â€Å"Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn’t. She said it was a mean practice and wasn’t clean, and I must try to not do it any more†¦ And she took snuff, too; of course that was all right, because she done it herself† (Twain 2). She prevents Huck from doing what she believes is uncivilized and detrimental to his health, yet doesn’t think twice about proceeding to do something very similar simply because she herself enjoys it. This example of hypocrisy is not particularly malicious, but yet another example of how all the characters Huck is involved with has some form of a hypocritical flaw. Furthermore, Miss Watson is quite religious and, in efforts to teach Huck, tells him that all he must do is pray for something and he will have it. However, when Huck needs fishhooks and asks her to help pray for them, she calls him a fool. â€Å"Then Miss Watson she took me in the closet and prayed, but nothing come of it. She told me to pray every day, and whatever I asked for I would get it. But it warn’t so. I tried it. Once I got a fish- line, but no hooks. It warn’t any good to me without hooks. I tried for the hooks three or four times, but somehow I couldn’t make it make it work. By-and-by, one day, I asked Miss Watson to try for me, but she said I was a fool. † (Twain 8). Miss Watson tells Huck that if he does something, he can expect a certain result but when things don’t work, he asks for her help and she chides him for it! The widow Douglas and Miss Watson are religious, educated, and yet, they are slave owners. They educate Huck, and teach him religion but find it perfectly acceptable to do things contrary to their teachings, such as snuff and practice slavery. The latter, being a more insidious humbug of St. Petersburg, is shown over and over again throughout Huck’s journey. As Huck begins to stray from his backwards, insincere town, he reaches different places with different people, all different in their own way and yet, very similar to those in St. Petersburg. The Duke and Dauphin are two despicable con men who join Huck and Jim as they continue to drift on the river. The Duke and Dauphin cause trouble for Huck and Jim, as well as the towns they visit. The fault here is that, the Duke and Dauphin are able to scam entire communities by lying, pretending to be someone they’re not, and cheating their guests. Though they spend most of the novel doing awful things or planning awful things, they both are hardly punished. After the first showing of The Royal Nonesuch, the first group of attendees realizes they have been cheated. However, instead of chastising the Duke and Dauphin, the audience that night chooses to lie about the performance in order to cheat a second group of attendees. Hold on! Just a word, gentlemen. † They stopped to listen. â€Å"We are sold—mighty badly sold. But we don’t want to be the laughing stock of this whole town, I reckon, and never hear the last of this thing as long as we live. NO. What we want is to go out of here quiet, and talk this show up, and sell the REST of the town! Then we’ll al l be in the same boat. Ain’t that sensible? † (â€Å"You bet it is! —the jedge is right! † everybody sings out. ) â€Å"All right, then—not a word about any sell. Go along home, and advise everybody to come and see the tragedy. † (Twain 114). Most hypocritical, however, is the fact that the Judge of the town conceived this plan. He who stands as a pillar of justice and truth in the town decides to cheat the others in order to save face. By the third night, everyone in town has seen the play and the Duke and Dauphin make a large profit from their misconduct. Immoral acts committed by the Duke and Dauphin never yielded punishments, but brazen, drunk insults led to execution. Boggs, described as the â€Å"most easy going old fool in Arkansas†, began shouting insults and anathemas at Sherburn, the man who had cheated him. He [Sherburn] was standing perfectly still in the street, and had a pistol raised in his right hand—not aiming it, but holding it out with the barrel tilted up towards the sky†¦ Boggs throws up both of his hands and says, â€Å"O Lord, don’t shoot! † Bang! goes the first shot, and he staggers back, clawing at the air—bang! goes the second one, and he tumbles backwards on to the ground, heavy and solid, with his arms spread out. † (Twain 108). The Duke and Dauphin cheat entire communities and remain unpunished by their terrible acts; however, peccadilloes like shouting drunken insults result in execution. Twain’s writing exposes the issue of faulty justice and duplicitous nature of men. Furthermore, Sherburn’s speech to the angry mob around his house in relation to a lack of logic and cowardice capitulates Twain’s societal views. Twain’s use of hypocrisy helps express his views on societal issues. Though not every instance is harmful, such as Miss Watson’s snuff usage, other notable examples such as the execution of Boggs and the custody of Huck highlight his belief that cowardice, lack of logic, and selfishness are at the core of society, not the communal welfare that it should be. The repeated instances of insecure, logic defying justice are the root of the problem, as thoughtless crimes are punished severely whereas serious crimes go scot-free. Throughout the novel, Huck meets characters that appear good, yet Twain makes a conscious effort to prove they are prejudiced slave owners. The illogical choices and hypocritical people presented throughout the novel show the hypocrisy and ludicrousness of the â€Å"sivilized† society.

An Understanding Of Punk Rock essays

An Understanding Of Punk Rock essays What do most people think of when they hear the words Punk Rock? Some people may think of delinquents sporting dyed hair, leather jackets, and chains. Although this may be true among some punk rock enthusiasts, there is much more to punk music and culture. Punk rock is believed to have originated in Great Britain and other parts of Europe. Although there are no exact dates on punks creation, it is believed to have started in the late 60s or early 70s. Punk rock is a relatively new music trend but it has already created some well-known bands such as The Sex Pistols, NoFx, and Green Day. Punk music was originally created by bands to help them express their feelings about the corrupted governments and other social problems in Europe. This music is characterized by its high paced beat and sometimes offensive lyrics. To be punk rock it has to be adrenaline packed and in your face. The music used is usually very simple with extremely fast drumbeats and five chord guitar rifts. Of course there are many talented artists that have contributed more elaborate tunes, but for the most part they are kept simple. Many people associate this type of music with anarchists and trouble makers because of its underground nature, but it does have an appeal among normal young adults. Punk has gone from its primitive days of protesting the government to more excepted topics such as relationships and everyday events. The music is still sometimes rebellious, but it is always fun. Many bands have turned to humor for inspiration for their songs, which has created many bands that are very comical. Classical and Country music fans may never accept Punk Rock as real music because of its high speed and seemingly immature lyrics, but Punk will always have its faithful audience. Punk Rock attracts many unique individuals and has become an anthem for unaccepted groups such as skateb...

Just Jackie essays

Just Jackie essays Like many other Americans, my fascination with Camelot and with the Kennedy family has been apparent since I first heard of the legacy. One of the most breathtaking and admiral women to grace the earth in the last century has been Jacqueline Lee Bouvier whom married the most famous of all the Kennedys, Jack. When Jack was inaugurated president in 1961 the White House and nation was brought a beautiful young wife and the first young children of the President in over half a century. As the First Lady, Jackie brought beauty, intelligence, and cultivated taste. Jackie born in 1929, was the daughter of John Vernon Bouvier and his wife, Janet Lee. Her early years were divided between New York City and East Hampton, Long Island, where she learned to ride almost as soon as she could walk. She was educated at the very best of private school. She learned to write poems and stories, draw illustrations for them, and studied classical ballet. Her mother obtained a divorce from Jackies father and remarried Hugh D. Auchincloss in 1942. The change brought Jackie and her younger sister Lee to a home near Washington, D.C. called, Merrywood. Jacqueline was named the Debutante of the year for the 1947-1948 season, but still after all her success socially she continued her education. As a young girl, Jackies father taught her that the way women gained power would be by associating themselves with powerful men. In many ways it seemed as Jackie and her father were more like confidants rather then father and daughter. Being the child of a verbal alcoholi c father, Jackie had learned to block things out at a young age. She spent her adult life striving to do this and trying to please her mother. She spent her junior year in college in France as a Vassar University student and traveled extensively. These travels left her with a great acceptance and understanding for foreign countries, and their pe...

Harlem Renaissance Poets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Harlem Renaissance Poets - Essay Example His experienced as Cuban refugee and a Cuban-American has influenced many people their daily lives. In addition, his work has been included in many anthologies, which include Paper Dance: 55 Latino poets (2002). It is not easy to imagine the composition of the Inferno, Canto I as having its beginning in such a mood of passionate exaltation and devotion to the memory of a dead person. And with the contrast with Virgil’s, it is clear that the final year of Dante life as the busy but contested one undisturbed by civil disputes. This could be a misleading picture, of course, and in any case it is not relevant to the fact that Dante left unfinished at his death plays on vitally the same poetic, emotional, and intellectual registers as its Italian precursor s. double consciousness is also expressed in Virgil Suà ¡rez poem. The double consciousness is more revealed in the closing section of Part II â€Å"by the mother-in-law tongue within a fiery circle of kerosene and watching as they stung themselves†. This contradicts some the whole nature and themes in which the poem is written about. To begin with, Dantes Hell is an indication of a threatening vestibule that is a home to the souls, which are undecided on whether to do good or evil. It is, thus, clear that the angels who did not take any side during the fight between Lucifer and Michael in the bible reside here. The entrance of Hell marks the beginning of darkness and unidentifiable shades, which do not bear any color in their symbolization of lifelessness (Molefi, 2004). These lifeless shades are what Dante uses in comparison to â€Å"‘dead leaves fluttering to the ground in autumn’, weightless and lifeless, as when falling leaves ‘detach themselves’ from the tree of life. All the souls descend ‘one-by-one’, like leaves falling ‘first one and then the other’† (Dante 112-117). In this instance, we find that the simile employed by

The man they called Mahatma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The man they called Mahatma - Essay Example The class teacher seeing this asked Mohandas to copy from his neighbour's slate. Mohandas refused and was rebuked by the teacher for his attitude. Mohandas married Kasturbai at the young age of thirteen, a marriage that lasted for sixty-two years. Mohandas set sail for England from Bombay on September 4th 1888 and enrolled for studies in law at Inner Temple Inns of Court. He was called to the bar on June 10th 1890, and set sail for India on 12th of June. From a barrister-at-law to a Mahatma, a leader of millions of Indians was a transformation unparalleled in history. On return to India, Mohandas had an uneventful and mediocre practice that lasted two years. Fallout with a British Political Agent had made Mohandas view things differently. He wanted to leave India. Opportunity came to him in the form of a business firm in Porbandar that wanted him to represent them in South Africa. Gandhi's experience in South Africa transformed him and he came back a different man and went on to become the man they called Mahatma. After landing in Durban, Natal, the lawsuit required Mohandas Gandhi to travel to Pretoria. He was given a first class ticket for the travel. During the overnight journey at a place called Maritzburg, Gandhi was manhandled and removed from the train. South Africa was at that time under Apartheid. On that bitter night at Maritzburg the germ of social protest was born in Mohandas Gandhi1. It dawned on Gandhi that he as an individual should fight for his rights against adversities and that through his actions; others will follow and win freedom. In 1901 when Gandhi decided to return to India, the Indian community got together and honored him and his family with a party. The congregation showered Gandhi and his family with gold, silver and diamonds for their contribution to confront the white minority government on their behalf. Gandhi had earlier received gifts in 1896, but they were inconsequential and Gandhi took them out of kindness. This time around the gifts were very precious and this began to haunt Gandhi. He was torn between the yearning for financial freedom and worldly freedom2. He decided to do away with the worldly pleasures and gifted the precious metals for community service, and he followed the same principle when leading a simple life in India. The pledge at the Imperial Theatre in Johannesburg on September 11th 1906 was a critical date in Gandhi's life. This day, Gandhi pledged before God not to obey the proposed anti-Indian ordinance if it became law3 thus was born "Satyagraha", Satya for truth, and agraha for firmness or force. Gandhi followed this path in his disobedience movement act against the British later in India. The Satyagraha was "the vindication of truth not by infliction of suffering on the opponent but on one's self"4 The Salt Satyagraha, also known as the Dandi March on March 12th 1930, is an event that shook the entire British Empire. Gandhi and 78 volunteers walked from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi defying the orders of the British Government to pay tax on salt that was easily available from the sea. They walked 241 miles to reach Dandi to produce salt on their own. Analysis Though Gandhi was an unsuccessful lawyer, destiny had other things in store for him. A business firm offered to send Gandhi as their legal advisor to

Sierra Leone and Child Soldiers during the Civil War Research Paper - 1

Sierra Leone and Child Soldiers during the Civil War - Research Paper Example Lightweight assault weapons increased these children’s lethality while others participated in politically motivated, though unstructured, violence like planting bombs or hurling rocks. While the use of child soldiers is a widespread phenomenon in global conflicts, the case of Sierra Leone was the first case that received widespread media coverage. The issue of child soldiers in Sierra Leone defied gender boundaries with girls joining military drills and activities. Girls made up at least 25% of the rebels in Sierra Leone’s Civil War with typical sexual victimization being rampant as they were forced to service soldiers with sex (Williams 80). This had an especially negative impact on their lives as they were found to be unsuitable for marriage since they were considered impure. Because of desperation, most of them became prostitutes to earn a living. Most child soldiers in Sierra Leone were enlisted through coercion; forced recruitment and mandatory conscription. Whenever the rebels had a shortfall in numbers, they found it convenient to ignore birth dates with no birth records used, except to find out the tribal allegiance of a particular conscript. In fact, even the government turned to the use of child soldiers to counter their use by the rebels. A child who stood as tall as a rifle was considered eligible for consc ription into the army. Village headmen were instructed, by local authorities, to provide a specified number of Sierra Leoneans with children being easier to find and conscript (Williams 81). Some militias in Sierra Leone abducted the children, especially from schools, at gunpoint. Surrounding a school, they would arrest children without explanation and herd them to the forest for training. In other areas, armed militia surrounded public spaces like marketplaces and ordered its occupants to sit before trucking away anyone found â€Å"eligible† for service (Maclure & Myriam 120). Those who were most at risk were teenage boys

Managing a police service Area Essay Example for Free

Managing a police service Area Essay Commanders managing a police service area faced with a number of challenges. Some of these include corruption, racial profiling, and poor cooperation and relationship between the police force and the local community. All this problems have been attributed among other reasons to insufficient training of law enforcement, discriminative administration, and lack of employee engagement. Therefore, managing a police service area challenges can be mitigated by ensuring a highly motivated and trained police force as well as engaging the community to enhance their appreciation of the police. Corruption has been cited as a major problem compromising the effectiveness of the police force. According to available statistical evidence, the problem of drug dealings is increasing becoming an issue of national concern in the American nation. This is despite the fact that the law enforcement has the potential to identify, mitigate or prosecute the offenders. However, the problem of corruption has been closely attributed to poor motivation to police officers as well as lack of an effective channel for getting public feedback on the conduct of police officers. Another problem facing commanders managing a police service area is poor communication and cooperation of police officers and the community. The community is evidently identified as a crucial tool for aiding in the identification and mitigation in the community. Therefore, poor relationships between local law enforcement and the community serve only to escalate crime in the community, a negation to the sole duty of the police service area commander. Indeed, such poor relationships are a major threaten to the life of officers as they are perceived by the community as enemies rather than just and fair law enforcer. The third challenge affecting commanders managing a police service area is racial profiling. Racial discrimination in the law enforcement agencies has been a major critic from the general public. The sole duty of all police officers is to ensure sustainable peace and security in the community. This means that police officers should function to investigate on suspected crime offenders based on substantial evidence rather than based on their race, nationality, and ethnicity. It is this practices which remains a major challenge for commanders to oversee the fair and just enforcement of the rule of the law. As a police manager, there are a number of actions I would take to mitigate these problems. First, I would ensure implementation policies as a way of mitigating the problem of police corruption. Such practices would include increment of payment and service allowances for the police. Other could be engaging officers in retirement benefit schemes as well as providing job security. This is because I believe that most officers engage in corruption as a way of accumulating extra earnings for their present and future needs. On the problem of poor relationship between police and community as well as racial profiling, I would ensure the introduction of a comprehensive police training scheme. Skilled and reliable police officers should high sufficient skills on public relations. Such training will also equip the officers with the necessary skills of dealing with a diverse population, a factor that could compromise racial profiling. The biggest problem causing poor relationship between the police and the community is poor communication. To eliminate this problem, I would encourage interactive sections between the police and the community members as a way of breaking the current relational gap.

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay In this chapter, a full unit of heat exchanger will be designed including its chemical and mechanical design. A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer between two fluids from one medium to another. The medium may be separated by a solid wall, so that the fluids never mix, or the fluids may never be in direct contact. Two fluids of different temperatures will flow through the heat exchanger. Heat exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, and natural gas processing. 3.1.1 Classification of Heat Exchanger Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. There are two main flow arrangements which are parallel-flow and counter-current-flow. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. Compared both flow arrangements, the counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat transfer medium. 3.1.2 Types of Heat Exchanger There are many types of heat exchanger in industry. The types chosen based on the function of the heat exchanger itself. Choosing the right heat exchanger requires knowledge of different type of heat exchanger as well as well as the environment in which the heat exchanger will operate. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, the best selection can be made in optimizing the process. Below, in Table 3.1 are list of types and functions of each heat exchanger. Table 3.1: Types and Functions of Heat Exchanger in Industry No. Types Functions 1. Double pipe heat exchanger The simplest type. Use for heating and cooling. 2. Shell and tube heat exchanger Used for all application. 3. Plate exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 4. Plate-fin exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 5. Spiral heat exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 6. Air cooled Cooler and condenser. 7. Direct contact Cooling and quenching. 8. Agitated vessels Use for heating and cooling. 9. Fired heaters Use for heating and cooling. Source: Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott. 3.1.3 Selections of Heat Exchanger Typically in the manufacturing industry, several different types of heat exchangers are used for just the one process or system to derive the final product. In order to select an appropriate heat exchanger, one would firstly consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Although cost is often the first criterion evaluated, there are several other important selection criteria which include: High/ Low pressure limits Thermal Performance Temperature ranges Product Mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-solids liquid) Pressure Drops across the exchanger Fluid flow capacity Clean-ability, maintenance and repair Materials required for construction Ability and ease of future expansion 3.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 3.2.1 Design Criteria for Process Heat Exchangers There are some criteria that a process heat exchanger must satisfy are easily enough stated if we confine ourselves to a certain process. The criteria include: The heat exchanger must meet the process requirements. This means that it must effect the desired change in thermal condition of the process stream within the allowable pressure drops. At the same time, it must continue doing this until the next scheduled shut down for maintenance. The heat exchanger must withstand the service conditions of the environment of the plant which includes the mechanical stresses of installation, startup, shutdown, normal operation, emergencies and maintenance. Besides, the heat exchanger must also resist corrosion by the environment, processes and streams. This is mainly a matter of choosing materials of construction, but mechanical design does have some effect. The heat exchanger must be maintainable, which usually implies choosing a configuration that permits cleaning and replacement. In order to do this, the limitations is the positioning the exchanger and providing clear space around it. Replacement usually involves tubes and other components that may be especially vulnerable to corrosion, erosion, or vibration. The cost of the heat exchanger should be consistent with requirements. Meaning of the cost here implement to the cost of installation. Operation cost and cost of lost production due to exchanger malfunction or unavailable should be considered earlier in the design. The limitations of the heat exchanger. Limitations are on length, diameter, weight and tube specifications due to plant requirements and process flow. 3.2.2 Structure of the Heat Exchanger The basic structure of heat exchanger is the same whether using hand design method or computer design method. The logical structure of the heat exchanger design procedure is shown in Figure 2.15. From the figure, clearer view and steps of designing a heat exchanger can be obtained. Figure 3.1: Basic Logical Structure of Heat Exchanger Design 3.3 CHEMICAL DESIGN 3.3.1 Problem Identification In designing a heat exchanger in production of 100, 000 metric tonnes/year of Acrylonitrile, there is only one heat exchanger exists. The function of it is to exchange the temperature between the stream from Reactor with the temperature from 125 °C to 25 °C and the stream comes from Reboiler 5 from 90 °C to 120 °C. 90.0 0C 125.0 0C 450.0 0C 120.0 0C Figure 3.2: Diagram of shell and tube heat exchanger 3.3.2 Determination of physical properties Table 3.2: Physical Properties of the tube side fluid (water) Properties Inlet Mean Outlet Temperature (0C) 90.0 105 120 Pressure (kPa) 70.139 120.82 198.52 Specific heat (kJ/kg0C) 4.204 4.224 4.249 Thermal conductivity (W/m0C) 0.1154 0.1198 0.1127 Density (kg/m3) 0.431 0.623 0.721 Viscosity (N sm-2) 3.145 x 10-4 2.677 x 10-4 2.321 x 10-4 Table 3.3: Physical Properties of shell fluid ( process fluid) Properties Average Temperature, Tave = 287.5 0C Pressure (kPa) 150 Specific heat (kJ/kg0C) 1.1 Thermal conductivity (W/m0C) 0.1553 Density (kg/m3) 1.255 Viscosity (N sm-2) 4.529 x 10-4 Only the thermal design will be carried out by using Kerns method. Since water is corrosive, so the tube-side is assign. Logarithmic mean temperature, Where, T1 = Inlet shell side fluid temperature T2 = Outlet shell side fluid temperature t1 = Inlet tube side fluid temperature t2 = Outlet tube side fluid temperature Thus, Log mean temperature = 131.4477 0C The true temperature difference is given by, Where, is the temperature correction factor From Figure 12.19, Chemical Engineering Design, Thus, 0C From Table 12.1(Sinnott 2005), we assume value of overall coefficient, U = 500.0 W/m2.oC. Heat Load: Heat transfer area, Where, Q = heat transferred per unit time (W) U = overall heat transfer coefficient,(W/m2.oC) Tm = the mean temperature difference (oC) Thus, = 190.126 m2 3.3.3 Tube-side coefficient Table 3.4: Dimension of Heat-Exchanger tubes Material Carbon Steel Outer diameter, Dto (mm) 50.8 Length of tube Lt (m) 5.0 Inner diameter, Dti (mm) 45.26 BWG number 12.0 Source: Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, C. J. Geankoplis Heat transfer area of a tube, At = Ï€DoL = Ï€ (50.8 x 10-3) 5 = 0.798 m2 Number of tube, Nt = A/At = 190.126 / 0.798 = 238.25 = 239 tubes Cross sectional area of a tube = (Ï€Di2) / 4 = [Ï€ (45.26 x 10-3)2] 4 = 1.6089 x 10-3 m2 By using two passes; Total tube area, AT = (239 / 2) (1.6089 x 10-3) = 0.1923 m2 Mass velocity, Gs = flowrate / A = 29.96 / 0.1923 = 155.798 kg/m2.s Reynolds number, Re = [ Gsdi ] /  µ = [ 155.798 x 0.04526 ] / 4.529 x 10-4 = 1.557 x 10 4 Prandtl number, = [ 3.1731 x 155.798 ] / 0.1553 = 3183.275 Nusselt number, NuD = 0.027 Rea Prb [ µ /  µw]c = 0.027 (1.557 x 10 4)0.8 (3183.275)0.3 x 1 = 685.578 Stanton number, St = NuD / [Re(Pr)] = 685.578 / [1.557 x 10 4 x 3183.275 ] = 1.383 x 10-5 Heat Transfer factor, jh = St Pr0.67 = 1.383 x 10-5 ( 3138.275 )0.67 x 1 = 3.045 x 10-3 Tube-side heat transfer coefficient, hi = 2329.599 W/ m2.0C 3.3.4 Shell side coefficient 1.25 triangular pitch was chosen to calculate the bundle diameter. From table 12.4 (Sinnott 2005), constants value for 2 tube passes condition is K1 = 0.249 and n1 = 2.207 Bundle diameter, Db = Dto (Nt / K1) 1/n1 = 50.8 ( 239 / 0.249)1/2.207 = 1122.575 mm Pull-through floating head type was the best selection. From Figure 12.10 (Sinnott 2005), bundle diameter clearance is 95 mm. Shell diameter, Ds = 1122.575 + 95 = 1217.575 mm For selecting baffle spacing, the optimum spacing chosen is 0.2 times the shell diameters. Baffle spacing, B = 0.2 Ds = 0.2 (1217.575) = 243.515mm Tube pitch pt = 1.25 Do = 1.25 (50.8) = 63.5mm Cross-flow area, = 0.0593 m2 Mass velocity, Gs = Ws / As = 47.7672 / 0.0593 = 805.518 kg/m2.s Equivalent diameter, = 36.07 mm Shell-side heat transfer coefficient, ho Reynolds number, Re = [ Gsdi ] /  µ = [ 805.518 x 36.07 x 10-3 ] / 2.677 x 10-4 = 1.0854 x 10 5 Prandtl number, = [2.677 x 10-4 (2.4923 x 103) ] / 0.1553 = 4.296 Note that 45% baffle cut has been chosen, neglect the viscosity correction term. From Figure 12.29 (Sinnott, 2005), jh = 2.8 x 10-3 = 1640.892 W/m2.0C 3.3.5 Overall Coefficient Table 3.5: Dimensions in overall coefficient Material Carbon steel Thermal conductivity of carbon steel Kw = 45 W/m0C The fouling factor for cooling water hid 5000 W/m2.0C The fouling factor for aqueous salt solutions h0 =3000 W/m2.0C Source: Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott. The relationship between overall coefficient and individual coefficients is given by: UO = 583.359 W/m2.0C Well approximately the initial estimate of 600 W/m2.0C, so design has adequate area for the duty required. 3.3.6 Tube-side Pressure Drop Reynolds number, = 14526.371 From Figure 12.24 of Chemical Engineering. (Vol. 6) Friction factor, jf = 0.045 Tube side pressure drop, Where, m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re2100 Np = number of tube side passes = 23135.87 N/m2 = 2.3135 kPa (Acceptable) 3.3.7 Shell-side Pressure Drop Reynolds number, Re = 1.0854 x 10 5 From the Figure 12.30 (Sinnott 2005), Friction factor, jf = 0.024 Shell side pressure drop, = 64327.95 N/m2 = 64.328 kPa (Acceptable) 3.3.8 Summary of Calculation Type of shell and tube is carbon steel with Kw of 45 W/m.0C. While, specification of inside diameter is 45.27mm, outside diameter is 50.8mm and length of 5m. Table 3.6:Tube-side specification Parameter Results ΔTlm 131.4477 oC R 10.833 S 0.833 FT 0.93 ΔTm 122.246 oC Area, A 190.126 m2 Number of tubes, Nt 239 tubes Water linear velocity, ut 155.798 kg/m2.s Heat transfer coefficient, hi 2329.599 W/m2.0C Pressure drop, ΔPt 2.3135 kPa Table 3.7: Shell-side specification Parameter Results Bundle diameter, Db 1122.575 mm Shell diameter, Ds 1217.575 mm Baffle spacing, lB 243.515mm Shell area, As 0.0593 m2 Mass velocity, Gs 805.518 kg/m2.s Equivalent diameter, de 36.07 mm Shell coefficient, ho 1640.892 W/m2.0C Pressure drop, ΔPs 64.328 kPa Overall coefficients, U 583.359 W/m2.0C 3.4 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER 3.4.1 Design Parameter Table 3.8: Design Parameter Parametre SI Unit English Unit Design temperature, TD 460 OC 860 OF Operating pressure, Po 300 kPa 43.51 psi Internal diameter, Di 1.217 m 47.913 ft Hemispherical length 0.65 m 2.13 ft Shells length 5.0 m 16.40 For this heat exchanger, the design pressure is 43.51 psi and above the atmosphere pressure (15 psi). Based on study, if Po > Patm (Pgage = Pabs Patm), the calculation for this heat exchanger is under internal pressure and the pressure that will used is, Po = Pabs Pgage = 43.51 psi 15 psi = 28.51 psi Calculation of design pressure for each part of heat exchanger by taking 10% safety factor: P1 = PO + PH = 28.51 + 0.433 (2.13) = 29.431 psi x 1.1 = 32.38 psi Because this heat exchanger design is horizontal, so the value P1 = P2 = P3 = 32.38 psi Thickness for each part of vessel: themispherical , t = tcylindrical : Circumferential; t = Longitudinal; t = For cylindrical, the highest thickness value calculated will be chosen. So, from the calculation above the thickness for cylindrical part is 0.0446 inch. Now by adding corrosion allowance, CA of 2 mm (0.07874 in.), themispherical = 0.0223in + 0.07874in = 0.101in tcylindrical = 0.0446in + 0.07874in = 0.12334in The material construction for this heat exchanger is carbon steel due to price and work in many applications. The highest value from these two types of wall thicknesses is 0.12334 inch, so the minimum wall thickness of this heat exchanger is 0.12334 inch (3.133mm). The nominal wall thickness for carbon steel at market is 0.1182 inch (3mm). Because of the nominal wall thickness is lower than the calculated we must take the calculated thickness t = 0.12334 inch (3.133 mm) as value of wall thickness. To calculate the maximum allowable working pressure for each part, MAWPpart , the thickness must subtract the corrosion allowance: t = 0.12334in 0.07874in = 0.0446in MAWPpart (hemispherical): P = MAWPpart (cylindrical): Circumferential; P = Longitudinal; P = The smallest value of pressure will be chosen. So, the internal pressure for cylindrical part is 32.383 psi. By subtracting the hydrostatic pressure, PH for each part, MAWPpart (hemispherical) = 64.812 psi (0.433)(2.13) = 63.889 psi =440.5 kPa MAWPpart (cylindrical) = 32.383 psi (0.433)(16.01) = 25.451 psi =175.478 kPa The smallest value of pressure is taken as MAWPpart which is 25.451psi. This value is the maximum allowable pressure for the whole vessel.

How to Write an Essay :: essays research papers

How to Write an Essay What is the point of the paper?To see if you can write at length about some topic, in a focused and sustained way. Focused -- not rambling disconnectedly on "everything I know about X", but discussing a specific topic or cluster of interrelated topics in an integrated way. Sustained -- following through some clear line(s) of argument in some depth (e.g. discussing not just objections but objections to the objections). That still leaves options. You may go 'vertically' and dig more deeply into one particular issue; or you may go 'horizontally' and be concerned to make connections, and show how different parts of the philosophical landscape fit together -- or a bit of both. But whichever way you go, you should aim for a clearly structured story and some meaty arguments. 'But typical one-word questions like "Necessity" or "Scepticism" or "Justice" are not very focused!' True. But they are intended as invitations to write on some specific topic that falls under the one-word heading. What the the Faculty Handbook says about Extended Essays and Dissertations applies here too. "The candidate in effect sets their own question [in the given area], and is expected to define this question and then write about it, not about its general philosophical environs." To emphasize again, you cannot construct a good extended essay merely by collecting a lot of points about a topic and setting them out one after the other. They need to be organized into an argument in favour of some particular conclusion, which you have specified as your target. 'How much should I aim to write?' Quite a bit! If your essay is hardly longer than a typical answer to a single question on one of the other papers, then it is almost certainly too short. (Of course, you might be a Gettier, about to make a Major New Point in a couple of pages -- but then again, probably not ...!) On the other hand, you might well write rather less overall than in other three hour papers, because you need to spend somewhat more time in thinking out and planning your work. Don't just dive in -- plan your answer very carefully. And certainly, you should avoid padding your answer out with material irrelevant to your main theme (that way, you can well end up with lower marks than if you had stopped sooner). 'It's a lottery. How can I be expected to predict questions?

Biology Sensitivity Lab Report

To investigate the effect of skin sensitivity In response to cold temperature in different parts of the body by timing the maximum amount of time in which Ice-pack can be held to that area. Hypothesis: If the layer of skin Is relatively thin, the nerve response to cold will be the fastest, Increasing the skin's sensitivity. This therefore means that the fastest responses to cold will be in the face, and specifically the nose.The skin consists of 3 main layers; the epidermis, dermis and hypodermic (also known as the subcutaneous). The epidermis consists of dead and nearly dead skin cells which protects us from injury, infections, fluid loss†¦ Acting as a barrier. The Dermis is the skin layer which contains most of the nerve cells, hair follicles, sweat glands and many others. The Hypodermic layer is not really a skin layer, it attaches the skin to everything else; it contains the fat layer.The layer of fat in the nose's hypodermic is very thin in relation to other parts of the bo dy which will make the nerves detect the change in temperature on the surface the fastest, therefore bringing upon the response In less time. Variables: Independent variable: The part of the body (area of skin). Dependent variable: The maximum amount of time the ice-pack can be held to the skin (Using a stopwatch).Controlled variables: * The same height group (1 55-CACM) * The same weight group (45-keg) * The same age group (15-20) * The same sex (female) * The same temperature of the Ice-pack (placed In the freezer for 5 hours) * The same surrounding temperature (20-ICC) The same body temperature (3709 ; The same material used in the icepack( plastic and gel) ; The same size and thickness of the icepack (medium sized) Fair test: This experiment is considered to be a fair test because I think that most of the rabbles that can manipulate the results in any way other than the variable which I want to manipulate which is area of skin being tested, for example the height group and age g roup are controlled which ensures that the layer of fat in different people is similar due to these characteristics. Materials: * 3 ice-packs of the same temperature * Stopwatch * Thermometer * A long table Method: 1 . Place 3 identical icepacks in the freezer for 2 hours before starting the 3. Take their temperature making sure it is around ICC (If not change one of the people to one with all the requirements including temperature). 4. Make the person lay on the table on her back. 5.Take out one of the icepacks from the freezer. 6. Place the icepack on the thigh and time the time needed for the person to reach his limits with the cold. 7. Repeat the above step for the other body parts (Upper arm, belly, forearm, forehead and nose). 8. Replace the ice pack in the freezer again and take out another one. 9. Repeat the experiment on the same person another time. 10. Replace the second ice pack and repeat the step above with the third icepack. 11. Replace the ice pack in the freezer. 12 . Wait for an hour to regulate the temperature of the ice packs in the freezer. 13. Repeat steps 3-10 for the second female. 14. Record the result throughout the whole process. 15.The results are not completely constant though since the belly normally has more fat than the upper arm, but since the belly was covered with a shirt beforehand this led to tampering in the reliability of the experiment which is noninsured a source of error. The thermo receptors face's skin is the most responsive to temperature changes; the forehead had an average response time of 17 seconds. I came up with an average for each person's tree trials first, and then I came up with a final set of data for the average of all 6 trials on the two people. I came up with the final average by adding up all the 6 results from the several trials and divide them by 6 giving us a final result that we can work with to draw conclusions about our results and their reliability. Data presentation: Conclusion:My main conclusi on from this experiment about skin sensitivity in different areas in response to cold temperature changes is that the skin on the nose is the most affected. This is because of two things, the main reason being the layer of fat on the nose is a lot thinner than the layer of fat on other parts of the body like the thigh and the second reason being that thermo receptors which are the nerve cells which respond to temperature changes in the surrounding are highly concentrated in the face area so the fastest responses would therefore surely be from the face, explaining the fastest two reactions; nose (an average of 9 seconds) and forehead (an average of 17 seconds). This supports my hypothesis since that was my initial thought regarding the experiments' results due to scientific research.My results are highly valid since they make sense and are backed up with concrete scientific reasoning. The face brought upon the fastest responses followed by the belly and the arm. The belly has a thick er layer of fat than the arm; this is where my results got a bit mixed up since the people tested were wearing shirts which warmed them up fore starting which brought a faster response due to the bigger gap in change of temperature. The thigh had the slowest response time of an average of 163, which is logical since the thigh has the thickest layer of fat between the areas tested. Evaluation: In general I think my method was pretty valid since I controlled all the factors and explained the method in which I did.In my method I also showed steps of finding the average for the data collected which makes my results more reliable since they become more accurate. I also made the person getting tested to lie on a flat surface o that the icepack would be even on her body and won't move or fall down. Sources of error: 1 . The skin temperature was not constant all over the body since the belly for example was covered with a shirt. 2. The Ice-pack got warmer, so the last tests were less reliab le. 3. The pressure applied to the ice-pack was altered and not completely constant. 4. The difference between the reaction time of the forehead Improvements: 1 . The test should only be performed on parts of the body exposed completely, not the ones covered with clothes.