Social Aspects of American Children Being Born in Poverty...

More and more children are in greater and greater trouble -James Garbarino This simple statement, made by James Garbarino in his book Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment, concisely and appropriately describes the current state of children and youth in America. Garbarino suggests that children today are being brought up in a socially toxic environment where violence, divorce, racism, addiction, educational failure, poor physical health, and adult emotional problems are just a few of the toxic social forces converging on children, robbing them of their innocence and dignity. Moreover, he argues, children who are faced with economic distress and poverty are particularly vulnerable. For them the risks are compounded, as†¦show more content†¦One successful means of compromise was offered by Urie Bronfenbrenner in 1979, when he introduced the Ecological Model of child development. His model, which looks like a bulls-eye, has the child and his or her individual characteristics at its center. The first ring around the child is the microsy stem, consisting of the childs immediate surroundings. The next ring is the mesosystem, a series of connection between elements of the microsystem. The third ring is the exosystem, containing the people and institutions that affect the child indirectly. The final ring is the macrosystem, composed of the attitudes and ideologies of society as a whole. In the model all of the layers surrounding the child interact both with each other and with the child. Bronfenbrenners ecological model of child development can serve as an effective framework for understanding the impact of health care, homelessness, and violence on children living in poverty, and it can guide for our attempts to improve conditions for children and youth in America. At the level of the microsystem, quality health care is seen as essential to a childs physical and mental development. According to Judith A. Chafel, poor children are much more likely than children who arent poor to experience low birth weight, poor nutrition and growth, lack of immunization, poisonings and lead intoxication, risk of injury, andShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Income Inequality Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesStates is the question of income inequality: whether it exists and whether we are obliged to address it. The â€Å"American Dream† ideology which permeates most aspects of our daily life, influences an automatic response to income inequality to be that those at the bottom are not working hard enough and that those at the top have earned their wealth through hard work. 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The Ethics Of Kantian Ethics - 3078 Words

The impact of Kantian ethics has been truly extensive in the philosophical community for centuries now. Numerous philosophers have accepted, disputed and further developed the Kantian style of ethics in the modern era. German philosopher Immanuel Kant has established a theory based on a simple few concepts. Some of the key features of this theory are intrinsic goodness, moral worth and a few others that I will establish further later in the essay. In this thesis I will be highlighting if consequences play a sufficiently important role in Kantian ethics. I will argue the case that according to Kant, consequences do not play a sufficient enough role in his ethics, however I will be giving praise to some ideas he does bring up but I feel†¦show more content†¦One question that must be addressed is what exactly are moral consequences? What do consequences contain? According to Kantian ethics, the problem with consequences is that that they are constantly out of our hands and ve ry unpredictable. A quote that highlights the conflict with consequences can be found in Kant’s text. ‘Even if by a special disfavor of fortune or by the niggardly provision of a step motherly nature, this will should wholly lack the capacity to carry out its purpose--if with its greatest efforts it should achieve nothing and only the good will were left†¦.then, like a jewel, it would still shine by itself, as something that has full worth in itself’ Kant, I (2012). What the quote expresses is that it makes reference to the good will. If an individual’s ‘will’ is pure and in line with what is morally right, it will shine through regardless of the consequence or outcome. There are also a few others things that must be taken into account like intent and reason. When we discuss moral law we are only talking about the maxim, due to the uncertainty of predicting consequences. Immanuel Kant’s literature titled practical philosophy contains numerous writings on his approach to moral philosophy. A chapter titled ‘on a supposed right to lie from philanthropy’ is a segment from the book in which Kant deals with the problem regarding duty and

Btec Sport National Extended Diploma Level 3 Free Essays

Name: Jean-Pierre Nsinga Date: 1 September 2012 IV’D: Name: Jean-Pierre Nsinga Date: 1 September 2012 IV’D: BTEC LEVEL 3 EXTENDED DIPLOMA IN SPORT (Development, Coaching amp; Fitness) ASSIGNMENT BRIEF Student Name:Jean-Pierre NsingaTutor Name: Lizzie Farquhar Unit Seven:â€Å"Fitness Testing for Sport amp; Exercise Launch Date: 10 September 2012Hand In Date: 22 October 2012 Criteria Covered:LO1,3,4 P1,5,6 M1,3,4 D2 ————————————————- ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT TITLE: â€Å"Fitness Testing† No : 1/2 ————————————————- ASSIGNMENT SCENARIO: As a Personal Trainer at Farquhar Health Club, one of your main roles and responsibilities is to conduct fitness assessments with clients and provide feedback. ————————————————- To PASS this assignment, complete the following tasks: ————————————————- ————————————————- Task One: You will take part in different fitness tests for: flexibility, trength, aerobic endurance, speed, power, muscular endurance and body composition to enable you to: —â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Describe ONE test for EACH component of physical fitness. Include advantages amp; disadvantages (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Btec Sport National Extended Diploma Level 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. cost, time, equipment, facility requirements, skill level of person carrying out test, issues with test validity, and issues with test reliability). ————————————————- Present this as an A4 information booklet. ————————————————- PASS1 ————————————————- Task Two: Select SIX different fitness tests for a selected individual suitable to their fitness activities. Safely administer these tests whilst being assessed by your tutor, include photographic evidence. The assessment will include observed evidence of: correct pre-test procedures, correct sequencing of tests, and adherence of health amp; safety procedures, termination of tests if required, and accurate recording of results ————————————————- PASS5 ———————————————— Task Three: Give feedback to a selected individual, following fitness testing, describing the test results and interpreting their levels of fitness against normative data (e. g. population norms, accepted health ranges, norms for sports). Present this information in the form of an individual client information booklet. ————————————————- PASS6 ————————————————- To progress to higher grades see next page ————————————————- ———————————————— To progress to MERIT grade for this assignment complete the following: ————————————————- —————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ONE fitness test for EACH component of physical fitness. You must consider factors related to test validity and reliability and how these factors could affect data results. Provide reasons and/or evidence clearly supporting this. Draw on examples from personal experiences or observations. ———————————————— MERIT1 ————————————————- Justify the selection of fitness tests commenting on suitability, reliability, validity and practicality. Why were they most suitable for your client? In your selection of tests, did you take into account their goals, needs and general level of fitness? Give reasons or evidence to support your views and how you arrived at these conclusion s. ————————————————- MERIT3 ————————————————- Compare the fitness test results to normative data and identify strengths and areas for improvement ————————————————- MERIT4 ————————————————- ————————————————- To progress to DISTINCTION grade for this assignment complete the following: ————————————————- ————————————————- Analyse the fitness test results and provide recommendations for appropriate future activities or training. You must look beyond basic facts and make appropriate comments. Recommendations must include: frequency, intensity, time and type of activity that the individual should take part in to facilitate improvements for each component. ————————————————- DISTINCTION 2 ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- —————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- PLEASE HAND THIS BRIEF IN WITH YOUR ASSIGNMENT – AS A TOP SHEET Followed by your â€Å"front page† Student Name: Jean-Pierre Nsinga ID: 1205079 Tutor: Alysia Bastock Unit Seven:â€Å"Fitness Testing for Sport amp; Exercise Launch Date: 10 September 2012Hand In Date: 22 October 2012 Intro; In this assignment I will be talking about different fitness test, to check their reliability and validity, their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore I will choose fitness test for a client for them to perform and provide suitable feedbacks on their performance. Task. 1 Flexibility, test â€Å"Sit And Reach† This test is made to test an athlete’s flexibility, (in particular their lower back and hamstrings) This test demands; A flat surface for the athlete to sit down in the correct position, A box (preferably the main â€Å"sit and reach box† with all the measurements on the box, to have a better visual on the athlete’s result), a ruler for the athlete to push to perform the test and an assistant to record the results. How to cite Btec Sport National Extended Diploma Level 3, Papers

Mental Rotation Report free essay sample

Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to confirm the theory that we create picturelike representation of perceived visual stimuli, and we can also mentally rotate the representation to a known â€Å"upright† position. The reaction time increases linearly according to the angle of the rotation, regardless of their complexity (Cooper, 1975). In some circumstances, we snap the perceived visual stimuli and create a picturelike image in head.The process of mentally rotating the image inevitably takes time, and the length of the reaction time indicates how much effort we put in it. That means the reaction time represents the mental effort, and vice versa. It’s reasonable that as the angle of rotation increases, the more effort will be needed which results in linear increase in reaction time. We mentally rotate the image in head as a whole just like physically rotating exist pictures, the complexity of the image won’t impact the reaction time within some certain degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Rotation Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the image is complex enough (such as 3-D images), the time we need to â€Å"snap and copy† it increases. Also during the rotation, more reaction time will be needed because the time we spend verifying the correctness of the image increases (Shepard Metzler, 1988). In this experiment, we use 3-D images to confirm the hypothesis of Cooper’s theory that as the angle of rotation increases, the reaction time linearly increases accordingly. Method Participants Participants included twenty-eight undergraduate students in Cognitive Psychology Course. Mental Rotation TaskThe mental rotation task consisted of at least 70 trials presented on the computer monitor (Francis, Neath, VanHorn, 2008, pp. 105-107). On each trial, participants saw two 3-D block shapes, one to the left and one to the right. Each block shape is within a circle. The two shapes were either identical, or mirror-reversed. One shape was also rotated around the vertical axis with either degree of angle (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120o). Participants were asked to determine if the two shapes were the same (pressing / key) or mirror-reversed (pressing Z key). The mistaken trials would be repeated, only reaction time of the correct trials was used. Procedure All of the participants consented to the experiment and followed the instructions to complete the mental rotation task which took approximately 30 minutes to complete. Results This study used a 7 (angles of rotation: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120o) by 2 (identical, mirror-reversed) within-subject design. The independent variable was the angle of rotation of 3-D block shape. The dependent variable was the reaction time in milliseconds.The reaction time is depicted below. Figure 1. Reaction time in milliseconds [pic] A within-subjects analysis of variance conducted on the participants’ reaction time revealed the main effect of angle of rotation, F(6,162) = 18. 05 (? p2 = 0. 40, p . 001). It’s apparent that the reaction time linearly increased as the angle of rotation increased. Discussion The result confirmed the hypothesis of Cooper’s theory. The participants’ reaction time linearly increased according to the angles of rotation. Given the knowledge that reaction time indicates the mental effort put in rotation, and vice versa, as we need more effort to rotate a greater angle, the reaction time also increases. When we create a 3-D representation of visual stimuli, we spend more time than 2-D representation because more features should be verified, so does mentally rotate a 3-D representation. As we mentally rotate the 3-D image just like physically rotating it, we automatically check the feedbacks if the image or rotation is correct, which leads up to more effort and reaction time.According to this experiment, the time of creating a 3-D representation was about 1483. 6 ms, compared to 754 ms when creating a 2-D representation. Also the time needed to rotate each degree of angle of a 3-D representation (15. 004 ms) was more than 2-D representation (2. 16 ms). According to this experiment, we conclude that mental rotation needs mental effort, which is revealed by reaction time. Mental rotation is alike physical rotation, the effort or reaction time correlates with the angle of rotation. As the angle increases, the reaction time increases linearly.